Trademarks play an important role in protecting intangible brand assets. However, the impact of trademark rights on brand assets has received little attention in the literature. The authors examine ...the impact of trademark rights on brand assets from the perspective of appropriability—that is, the firm’s ability to benefit from innovation and creativity. To ensure causal identification, they use a natural experimental context in which U.S. Supreme Court decisions on trademark rights provide an exogenous variation in strength of trademark rights. Using a database of trademarks registered in the United States and a difference-in-difference estimation approach, the authors show that, overall, trademark applications and applications to register in other categories increase when trademark rights are strengthened and decrease when trademark rights are weakened. However, trademarking responses of brands to a change in property rights are muted for design trademarks and amplified when a firm has multiple brands. The authors discuss the theoretical, substantive, and managerial implications of the findings and provide guidance for further research.
Rival claims of ownership or control over various aspects of culture are a regular feature of our twentyfirstcentury world. Such debates are shaping disciplines as diverse as anthropology and ...archaeology, art history and museum studies, linguistics and genetics. This provocative collection of essays—a series of case studies in cultural ownership by scholars from a range of fields—explores issues of cultural heritage and intellectual property in a variety of contexts, from contests over tangible artifacts as well as more abstract forms of culture such as language and oral traditions to current studies of DNA and genes that combine nature and culture, and even new, nonproprietary models for the sharing of digital technologies. Each chapter sets the debate in its historical and disciplinary context and suggests how the approaches to these issues are changing or should change. One of the most innovative aspects of the volume is the way each author recognizes the social dimensions of group ownership and demonstrates the need for negotiation and new models. The collection as a whole thus challenges the reader to reevaluate traditional ways of thinking about cultural ownership and to examine the broader social contexts within which negotiation over the ownership of culture is taking place. In addition to Laetitia La Follette, contributors include David Bollier, Stephen Clingman, Susan DiGiacomo, Oriol PiSunyer, Margaret Speas, Banu Subramaniam, Joe Watkins, and H. Martin Wobst.
Nonrivalry and the Economics of Data Jones, Charles I.; Tonetti, Christopher
The American economic review,
09/2020, Letnik:
110, Številka:
9
Journal Article
Recenzirano
Odprti dostop
Data is nonrival: a person’s location history, medical records, and driving data can be used by many firms simultaneously. Nonrivalry leads to increasing returns. As a result, there may be social ...gains to data being used broadly across firms, even in the presence of privacy considerations. Fearing creative destruction, firms may choose to hoard their data, leading to the inefficient use of nonrival data. Giving data property rights to consumers can generate allocations that are close to optimal. Consumers balance their concerns for privacy against the economic gains that come from selling data broadly.
Tb3Al5O12 (TAG) ceramics with high optical quality were fabricated successfully by a solid‐state reaction method combined with hot isostatic pressing (HIP) post‐treatment. The microstructure, optical ...transmittance, Verdet constant, and thermo‐optical properties were investigated. The obtained TAG ceramics showed a dense microstructure, and the in‐line transmittance reached 82.8% at 1070 nm after laser‐grade polishing. The Verdet constant of TAG ceramics was measured to be 50.9 rad·T1·m−1 at 1070 nm, which is higher than that of commercial Tb3Ga5O12 crystals. The Faraday isolator based on TAG ceramics can provide an isolation ratio of 30 dB with a laser power of more than 1 kW. With excellent optical quality, high Verdet constant, and maximum working power, TAG transparent ceramics are promising for applications of kilowatt‐level Faraday isolators.
Ambiguous Property Rights Lai, Lawrence; Lorne, Frank
Urban studies (Edinburgh, Scotland),
08/2014, Letnik:
51, Številka:
10
Journal Article
Recenzirano
This paper explains the nature of David Li's concept of ambiguous property rights and three angles to see right ambiguity from a Coasian-constrained choice-theoretical perspective and elaborate on ...that ambiguity in terms of five scenarios ofde jureandde factorights. The case of indigenous village housing in post-colonial Hong Kong under a mature system of the rule of law is used to demonstrate the ambiguities due to a gap betweende jureandde factoproperty rights that may not degenerate into anarchy due to rational choices made under common law constraints driven ultimately by the land market. The implications of the case study for evaluating ambiguities in property rights in China are also discussed.
Suppose that a firm in charge of a business ecosystem is a firm in charge of a microeconomy. To achieve the highest growth rate, how open should that economy be? To encourage third-party developers, ...how long should their intellectual property interests last? We develop a sequential innovation model that addresses the trade-offs inherent in these two decisions: (i) Closing the platform increases the sponsor’s ability to charge for access, while opening the platform increases developer ability to build upon it. (ii) The longer third-party developers retain rights to their innovations, the higher the royalties they and the sponsor earn, but the sooner those developers’ rights expire, the sooner their innovations become a public good upon which other developers can build. Our model allows us to characterize the optimal levels of openness and of intellectual property (IP) duration in a platform ecosystem. We use standard Cobb–Douglas production technologies to derive our results. These findings can inform innovation strategy, choice of organizational form, IP noncompete decisions, and regulation policy.
This paper was accepted by Chris Forman, information systems.
As one of the well-defined classes of low-dimensional materials, one-dimensional (1D) materials and related heterostructures have aroused broad interest due to their unique physical properties and ...widespread applications over the past decades. The concept of van der Waals (vdW) heterostructure, which has gained great success in superlattice of two-dimensional (2D) layered materials, can be also extended to heterostructures with 1D atomic crystals. Due to the less rigid requirement on lattice matching, versatility of foreign materials with different dimensionalities can be integrated with the 1D templates via non-covalent bonding. Such 1D vdW heterostructures are expected to exhibit intriguing physical properties and functionalities that cannot be realized in single-component 1D material. This review article aims to provide a succinct and critical survey of the emerging 1D vdW heterostructures. We start with an overview of the configuration and summarize the synthetic strategies of 1D vdW heterostructures. Next, we discuss their physical properties with emphasis on those originated from the unique structure–property relationship, including spatial confinement effect and phase transition, band structure and electrical properties, optical properties, thermal properties and environmental stability, and directional mass transport. The emerging applications of 1D vdW heterostructures in electronic, photonic, optoelectronic and energy storage fields are comprehensively overviewed. Last, we conclude with a brief perspective on the opportunities as well as challenges of vdW heterostructures with 1D atomic crystals.
Do intellectual property rights influence multinationals' manufacturing location decisions? My theoretical model indicates that countries with strong patent laws attract multinational activity, but ...only in sectors with relatively long product life cycles. By contrast, firms with short life-cycle technologies are insensitive, because offshore imitation is less likely to succeed before obsolescence. I document strong empirical regularities consistent with the model using a panel dataset on the global operations of US-based multinational firms and a new measure of product obsolescence. Moreover, my identification strategy allows me to isolate the causal effect of patent laws on multinational activity.
The development of novel high-temperature structural and multifunctional thermal protection materials for harsh environment applications, such as high-temperature oxidation, severe thermal shock, ...ablation by combustion gas flow etc., is one of the urgent needs of the modern aerospace industry. Ceramic matrix composites such as Cf/(C, SiC, Si3N4), SiCf/ZrB2, SiCp/(Si3N4, HfB2) have received much attention in recent years. Coincidently, metastable silicoboron carbonitride (Si-B-C-N) ceramics and corresponding matrix composites stand out from all recent materials offering great potential at high temperatures due to their high microstructural stability and excellent high-temperature properties including resistance to oxidation, thermal shock and ablation. Using inorganic powders (such as Si, C, B, BN, etc.) instead of organic precursor as raw materials, the inorganic processing route based on mechanical alloying (MA), one of the non-equilibrium processing technique, coupled with sequential sintering, although apparently very ‘hard’ compared to the ‘soft’ polymer precursor method, is actually a simple and effective way to prepare monoliths with the uniform microstructures and superior properties. It has been used to obtain dense Si-B-C-N monoliths and structural parts stable at high temperatures providing new experimental data and therefrom a more detailed understanding of the intrinsic properties of metastable Si-B-C-N materials, benefitting progress towards engineering applications. This review summarizes the state-of-the-art research in Si-B-C-N ceramics and their matrix composites obtained by the inorganic processing route in the last decade compared with those of precursor-derived counterparts, including material design and preparation, microstructural features and evolutionary process, mechanical and thermophysical properties, resistance to oxidation, thermal shock and ablation, and the mechanisms of oxidation, ablation and crystallization of amorphous Si-B-C-N ceramics. Future trends for Si-B-C-N relevant materials are also pointed out.
The development of high-temperature resistant polymers and their composites is of particular interest because of their ever-growing applications. Herein, a family of branched phthalonitrile resins ...based on different bisphenols (Hydroquinone, 4,4′-Biphenol, m-Dihydroxybenzene, 1,6-Dihydroxynaphthalene, 2,6-Dihydroxynaphthalene) and phenyl-s-triazine, endcapping with 4-nitrophthalonitrile were prepared via a convenient condensation polymerization procedure. The relationship among bisphenol structures, thermal properties and mechanical properties were investigated in details. By incorporating the thermally stable phenyl-s-triazine segment into the branched phthalonitrile's backbone, the overall Tg (glass transition temperature) and Td (5% thermal degradation temperature) of the derived polymers were significantly improved. The resins were thermally cured to networks with 4,4′-diaminodiphenyl sulfone (DDS) as curing agent. The resulting networks exhibited high thermal resistance, indicated by Tg surpassing 500 °C and Td as high as 575 °C. Additionally, the composites exhibited high mechanical properties and dielectric properties stability at 500 °C. The results suggested the merits of branched phthalonitrile polymers for applications in high-temperature resistant polymers and composites.
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•Branched phthalonitrile resins with tunable bisphenol moieties were synthesized, and characterized.•Cured thermosets possessed superior thermal stability (Tg > 500 °C, Td5% ≈ 575 °C) that were rarely reported in literature.•Cured networks showed limited water absorption (1.7–2.4 wt%) for humid environment advanced materials application.•Branched PN/QF composites had the advantages of high-temperature resistance and stable dielectric properties at 500 °C.
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