Leiter‐3 generalizability in Scandinavia Svensson, Leif; Syzdek, Brian M.; Roid, Gale H.
Scandinavian journal of psychology,
August 2020, Letnik:
61, Številka:
4
Journal Article
Recenzirano
The Leiter‐3 is a nonverbal assessment that evaluates cognitive abilities and has been adapted for use in Scandinavia. Generalizability of United States‐based normative scoring for use with the ...Scandinavian population was evaluated. Leiter‐3 scores from a sample of Scandinavian students were compared with scores obtained from the Leiter‐3 standardization sample, controlling for confounding variables, across ages, using mixed‐methods analysis. A Scandinavian‐population‐based sample was created from Leiter‐3 standardization data and norms were constructed and were used to generate standardized scores from the sample data. Results suggest that overall the Scandinavian test‐takers score higher than American test‐takers, but that differences between groups were minimized when controlling for factors that may influence cognitive performance. Creating Scandinavian based scores was not effective at reducing gaps in performance, suggesting that differences in performance between the different populations may be attributable to factors other than those typically controlled for when constructing standardized tests. Implications of these results and recommendations for Leiter‐3 adaptation are reviewed.
Background: Background: Maladaptive eating behaviors are a known risk factor for obesity and may predict dietary nonadherence in bariatric surgery (BS) candidates. As such, all patients who qualify ...for BS must complete a preoperative nutritional education program (NEP) and psychological assessment during preparation. Our objective was to determine if there were changes in eating behaviors among a cohort of patients at initial visit to BS clinic and a cohort at surgical consultation. Methods: Online surveys were completed by patients at initial visit to BS clinic (n = 32) and at surgical consultation following a preoperative NEP and psychological assessment (n = 16). The survey utilized was the Adult Eating Behavior Questionnaire (AEBQ), a measure of food approach and avoidance traits that has been validated in bariatric candidates. All patients were English speaking. Study was conducted at an academic, tertiary care institution in a diverse metropolitan setting. A Mann-Whitney U test was performed to evaluate whether AEBQ scores from patients at initial visit to BSC differed from scores from patients at surgical consultation. Results: Patients at the time of surgical consultation had significantly lower emotional overeating scores (z = 1.93, p < 0.05), lower responsiveness to food scores (z = 3.51, p < 0.01), and lower hunger scores (z = 2.74, p < 0.01) than patients on initial presentation. Conclusions: Our study demonstrates that several eating behaviors improve during preparation for BS, and that improvements were within food approach traits. This finding suggests that maladaptive food approach traits are addressed with preoperative NEP, and/or that patients with maladaptive eating behaviors are selected out. We plan to study whether AEBQ predicts postoperative success following BS, and whether specific improvements in AEBQ can be identified as targets for preoperative preparation.
The purpose of this study was to assess the validity of an autism e‐screener, Paisley, when utilized in a clinical research setting via a tablet application. The Paisley application used a series of ...play‐based activities, all of which incorporated varying aspects of the ASD‐PEDS. Participants included children (18–36 months; n = 198) referred for evaluation of autism spectrum disorder (ASD) and community providers (n = 66) with differing levels of familiarity with ASD. Community providers administered the Paisley application to children who then completed a comprehensive psychological evaluation. Based on comprehensive evaluation, 75% of children met diagnostic criteria for ASD. Paisley scores were significantly higher for children diagnosed with ASD (15.06) versus those not diagnosed (9.34). The newly determined cutoff ASD‐PEDS cutoff score of 13 had significantly higher specificity and positive predictive value than the originally proposed cutoff of 11. Results support the use of Paisley by community providers to identify autism risk in toddlers. Limitations and strengths of the work, as well as opportunities for future clinical validation, are described.
Single Item Measures in Psychological Science Allen, Mark S.; Iliescu, Dragos; Greiff, Samuel
European journal of psychological assessment : official organ of the European Association of Psychological Assessment,
2022, Letnik:
38, Številka:
1
Journal Article
Recenzirano
Single-item measures have a bad reputation. For a long time, adopting single-item measures was considered one of the surest methods of receiving a letter of rejection from journal editors (Wanous et ...al., 1997). As one research team noted, “it is virtually impossible to get a journal article accepted ... unless it includes multiple-item measures of the main constructs” (Bergkvist & Rossiter, 2007, p. 175). However, a series of articles published in the late 1990s and 2000s began to challenge the conventional view that single-item measures are an unsound approach to measuring cognitive and affective outcomes (Bergkvist & Rossiter, 2007; Fuchs & Diamantopoulos, 2009; Jordan & Turner, 2008; Loo, 2002; Nagy, 2002; Wanous et al., 1997). These articles did much to alleviate the stigma surrounding single-item measures, but even today, many researchers remain unconvinced that single-item measures can provide valid and reliable assessments of important psychological phenomena. Of course, there are many instances in which single-item measures would be a poor choice – for example, in research aiming to capture the breadth of human personality or emotion. However, when a construct is unambiguous or narrow in scope, the use of single items can be appropriate and should not necessarily be considered unsound (Wanous et al., 1997). The last few decades have seen a marked increase in the use of large national-level panel data in psychological research. Given the considerable volume of data and the diversity of constructs included in these panel surveys, it is often necessary to measure psychological constructs using just a few or even only one item. For example, the Household, Income and Labour Dynamics in Australia Survey (HILDA; Watson & Wooden, 2021) assesses body weight satisfaction using the single item “How satisfied are you with your current weight?” with response categories of 1 (= very satisfied), 2 (= satisfied), 3 (= neither satisfied nor dissatisfied), 4 (= dissatisfied), and 5 (= very dissatisfied). Although there are multi-item measures of body satisfaction available, on face value, there is no reason to think that this single item does not adequately capture a person’s general satisfaction with their body weight. The increasing use of large panel surveys in psychological research means that now more than ever, it is essential to ensure that single-item measures are valid and reliable. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2022 APA, all rights reserved)
Meehl argued in 1978 that theories in psychology come and go, with little cumulative progress. We believe that this assessment still holds, as also evidenced by increasingly common claims that ...psychology is facing a “theory crisis” and that psychologists should invest more in theory building. In this article, we argue that the root cause of the theory crisis is that developing good psychological theories is extremely difficult and that understanding the reasons why it is so difficult is crucial for moving forward in the theory crisis. We discuss three key reasons based on philosophy of science for why developing good psychological theories is so hard: the relative lack of robust phenomena that impose constraints on possible theories, problems of validity of psychological constructs, and obstacles to discovering causal relationships between psychological variables. We conclude with recommendations on how to move past the theory crisis.
Introduction The PERMA model of well-being has gained prominence in the study of well-being by the Positive Psychology movement. However, the model has been little studied regarding its applicability ...in different populations, such as adolescents. This study sought to evaluate the psychometric properties of the PERMA-Profiler instrument for Brazilian adolescents, as well as the measurement invariance for different age groups and gender, and investigate the relation with external variables. Methods Confirmatory Factor Analysis and Multigroup Confirmatory Factor Analysis were used to test the internal structure and invariance of the PERMA-Profiler. Reliability was determined with McDonald’s Omega and composite reliability. A total of 1,197 adolescents between 11 and 19 years old from different regions of Brazil participated. Results The results of the confirmatory factor analysis indicated that the five correlated factors model was the most appropriate, presenting good factor loadings and adequate reliability. The scale proved to be invariant for adolescents of different age groups and gender. Correlations with associated variables were significant and moderate to strong, showing positive relations between positive emotions and well-being, and negative relations with negative affects and depressive and anxiety symptoms. Discussion These results contribute to the understanding of well-being in adolescence and highlight the importance of promoting different components of well-being for adolescents’ mental health.
John L. McNulty (1955-2023) Bryant, William T; Miles, Shannon R; Arbisi, Paul A ...
The American psychologist,
2024-Apr-15, 2024-04-15, 20240415
Journal Article
Recenzirano
Dr. John L. McNulty, born on January 25, 1955, in Bartlesville, Oklahoma, passed away on October 31, 2023, in Tulsa, Oklahoma, at the age of 68 years. Ever the pragmatist and always bringing a ...critical mindset to test use, Dr. McNulty coauthored seminal articles demonstrating the absence of predictive bias among African Americans. His commitment to diversity more recently focused on contemporary assessment with transgender and gender-diverse individuals. While Dr. McNulty's empirical work advanced the field of personality and psychopathology, his relationships with colleagues and mentees are his most lasting legacy. Dr. McNulty inspired many while he was here, and his memory will inspire many into the future. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2024 APA, all rights reserved).
Content validity is defined as the degree to which elements of an assessment instrument are relevant to and representative of the target construct. The available methods for content validity ...evaluation typically focus on the extent to which a set of items are relevant to the target construct, but do not afford precise evaluation of items' behavior, nor their exhaustiveness with respect to the elements of the target construct. Formal content validity analysis (FCVA) is a new procedure combining methods and techniques from various areas of psychological assessment, such as (a) constructing Boolean classification matrices to formalize relationships among an assessment instrument's items and target construct elements, and (b) computing interrater agreement indices. We discuss how FCVA can be extended through the implementation of a Bayesian procedure to improve the interrater agreement indices' accuracy (Bayesian formal content validity analysis B-FCVA). With respect to extant methods, FCVA and B-FCVA can provide a great amount of information about content validity while not demanding much more work for authors and experts. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2023 APA, all rights reserved).
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