This study aims at investigating the evolution of the meaning of science and its effect on eliminating religious education from the Iranian public education system. The method of the study is ...descriptive-analytical through documentary-library technique. The results show that, during centuries, Muslims have always used the concept of ‘science’ in the meaning of ‘fāʼizʼ (literally, ‘successful’) and, according to them, the path of seeking knowledge is the very path of human success and salvation. However, since the 19th century, the epistemological foundation of science has changed and sensory science has taken over the responsibility of knowing the surrounding world. The new meaning of science has introduced new capacities for human’s domination over the natural and social world, and has established new structures such as the Iranian public education system. This public education system institutionalizes, by producing and promoting the meaning of ‘dominantʼ science, in students' minds and souls, the belief that, in learning science, they should aim at memorizing and acquiring information to overcome the natural and social world for more material profit. Therefore, intentionally or unintentionally, a new kind of education has been put on the agenda of the Iranian public education system, which is in complete opposition to ‘religious education’, and has finally led to its elimination.
Reason and History: Kant’s Idea of University This text consists of two parts. The first brings forward a reconstruction of the topic from The Conflict of the Faculties (1789), while the second one ...tries to establish how much of it would be of use nowadays and to what conclusions it may lead. In The Conflict of the Faculties, Kant asked for a transformation which gives philosophers the right to comment upon and criticize the syllabuses imposed by the government to the Faculty of Law, of Theology and of Medicine. Although the present-day context is considerably changed in relation to those times, the duty of the Kantian philosopher has remained the same and it consists of exercising regarding the political usage of scientific hypotheses (in the broad sense of the word), which leads to negative outcomes such as repression, social exclusion, disruption of men and women’s natural right and disruption of universal peace. However, Kant’s proposed maintains its contradictory character, as it foresees a public education system and simultaneously limits the right to debate only to scholars.
Resumo Tendo em vista a dificuldade de se quantificar o tempo efetivamente trabalhado pelos professores, posto que os dados oficiais disponibilizados frequentemente consideram somente o tempo passado ...em sala de aula, ou o tempo contratual, este texto apresenta resultados de uma pesquisa que analisou a constituição da jornada de trabalho dos professores da rede pública estadual paulista. Buscou-se investigar e problematizar a constituição da jornada de trabalho dos professores dos anos finais do ensino fundamental e ensino médio dessa rede, considerando o tempo em sala de aula e o tempo destinado ao trabalho extraclasse. A pesquisa em questão foi realizada em um município do interior paulista em duas etapas: na primeira, aplicaram-se questionários com professores de trinta escolas. Na segunda, realizou-se um aprofundamento qualitativo dos dados levantados na primeira etapa por meio da realização de entrevistas semiestruturadas com um grupo de treze professores. Os resultados obtidos evidenciam que o tempo de trabalho dos professores é bastante superior ao tempo oficial que sua jornada de trabalho compreende, o que significa que grande parte do tempo destinado ao trabalho extraclasse não é remunerado, embora sirva para a realização de atividades essenciais para atuação dos professores junto aos alunos. Destacou-se, ainda, que os professores que participaram da pesquisa têm ampliado suas jornadas de trabalho para compensar os baixos salários recebidos, o que se soma ainda ao aumento da demanda de trabalho e à desvalorização docente, conforme relatado pelos professores.
Abstract Given the difficulty of quantifying how much time teachers actually work, since the official data available often only consider the time spent in the classroom, or the contractual working hours, this paper presents results of a research that analyzed the constitution of the working hours of teachers in the public school system in the state of São Paulo. We investigated and problematized the constitution of the working hours of teachers in the final years of elementary and secondary education in the mentioned school network, considering classroom time and extra-class work time. The research in question was carried out in a city in the countryside of São Paulo in two stages: in the first, questionnaires were applied to teachers from thirty schools. In the second, an in-depth qualitative analysis of the data collected in the first stage was conducted through semi-structured interviews with a group of thirteen teachers. The results obtained show that the working time of teachers is much longer than the official time that their working day consists of, which means that a great deal of the time devoted to extra-class work is unpaid, although it serves to perform essential activities for teachers to work with students. It was also highlighted that the teachers who participated in the survey have expanded their working hours to compensate for the low salaries received, which is also added to the increased work demand and the devaluation of teachers, as reported by them.
This article deals with the perceived professional and personal identity of Israeli public-school teachers of subjects related to Jewish culture who have immigrated from the former Soviet Union ...(FSU). Our research question was: What was the impact of the emigration from the FSU on the teachers' Jewish-Israeli identity construction, and how did this process reflect on their professional self-perception as teachers of Jewishness-related subjects? We found that the development of the teachers' individual Jewish identity had a considerable impact on shaping their educational approach to teaching Jewish cultural subjects.
The present study aims to analyze the moderating effect of generational membership (Generation X and Millennials) on the relationship between job resources and organizational commitment for Romanian ...teaching staff working in the public educational system. A sample of 301 teachers (59.5 % affiliated with generation X) was involved. It was found that generational belonging significantly moderated the relationship between colleagues’ support and normative commitment and between job autonomy and continuance commitment. These results reflected motivational differences between Millennials and Generation X. The practical implications for adapting management strategies based on the generational appreciation of job resources in schools as an organization are discussed further.
The public–private test score gap in Brazil Oliveira, Pedro Rodrigues de; Belluzzo, Walter; Pazello, Elaine Toldo
Economics of education review,
08/2013, Letnik:
35
Journal Article
Recenzirano
•School structure is associated to a better overall students’ performance while teachers’ training and experience affects mainly low-performance students.•Public schools’ low performance students ...would perform even worse with the returns to characteristics from private schools’ students.•Evidence of diminishing returns of the schooling inputs.•Further analysis brings the importance of family background on students’ performance.
This paper presents a counterfactual decomposition of the public–private gap on test scores obtained by 8th graders in Brazil. Quantile regression methods are used to obtain a characterization of the conditional distribution of scores, which is then used to build counterfactuals. The results obtained suggest that low performance students attending public schools would perform even worse with the returns to characteristics from private schools’ students. Further analysis brings the importance of the family background to children's scholar achievement.
Improving quality and efficiency in providing public services by accelerating the decentralization process represents one of the fundamental premises of a democratic, rule of law state that is ...oriented towards achieving performance in public services for its citizens. Bringing public decision-making closer to the citizen, improving quality in providing public services to citizens, as well as reducing their costs, are but a small part of the advantages brought about by public services decentralization, with the major role in decentralization being played by both education institutions, and local public authorities.
In this context, the study focuses firstly on approaching empirically and epistemologically the decentralization of Romanian public education system, which presupposes transfer of authority, responsibility and resources concerning decision-making, and of general and financial management towards education institutions and local community. What is also revealed in this study is the premises and stages of Romanian public education decentralization, the advantages but also disadvantages and limitations of decentralization, as well as the education public service prospects from the perspective of decentralization.
Last, but not least the study approaches the subject from the viewpoint of related public policies and legislation; the research puts emphasis on the fact that in accordance with the present Romanian legislative framework, the entire patrimony of public schools- land and premises- is public property and belongs to communes, cities and municipalities, and it is managed by the respective local public authorities. Furthermore, it is local budges that finance schools, and school patrimony and funds are currently being handled by local councils. Insufficiency of financial resources on the part of local communities may represent a serious drawback in the way of achieving efficient and effective decentralization in Romania, thus indicating a need to identify feasible solutions for finding the resources necessary for the conclusion of this process.
이 연구에서는 한국의 초·중등교육을 ‘공교육체제’의 관점에서 접근하며, 한국 교육이 이제까지 수행해온 역할을 공교육의 기능이라는 시각에서 평가하고 미래 사회 변화에 따른 개선의 방향에 대해 다룬다. 압축적 성장의 결과로 초·중등교육만이 아니라 고등교육도 보편화되어 교육받은 인구의 저변이 넓어지고, 공교육에 기대되는 교육의 질에 대한 요구 또한 높다. ...그러나 교육의 질적인 측면에서 볼 때, 지난 70여 년 간의 성장에도 불구하고 국민의 기초(필수)학력, 직업진로역량(산업대응적), 시민역량 등을 체계적으로 보장하기 위한 체제가 충분히 정비되어 있지 않다는 것이 여전히 쟁점이 되고 있다.
모든 사람에 대한 질 높은 교육기회와 선택권을 보장하는 책임교육제도의 구축을 위해서는 국민의 교육권을 보다 ‘보편적 관점’에서 조망하려는 접근의 전환이 요구된다. 이 연구에서는 한국 교육의 특성을 통시적, 공시적 관점에서 분석하고, 한국 공교육이 미래지향적으로 개선되기 위해 필요한 개혁의 방향에 대해 제언한다.
This paper examines the characteristics of South Korean education system from a comparative/historical perspective and discusses the prospect of change in improving the system for the future. South Korean education has expanded extensively since 1945 and has also been noted for its high achievement in international achievement tests, notably in PISA and TIMSS.
Despite its tremendous development in quantitative terms, South Korea has often been subjected to criticism on the ground that its education has been excessively geared toward instrumental qualities related to competition at the expense of improving the system of substantial quality education. This study comprehensively analyzes aspects such as what the country has achieved, what it is left out in education, and how some most recent reform efforts may lead to positive changes in the future.
In conclusion, it is suggested that for South Korean education to keep up with its standards and maintain sustainable development into the future, more attention should be paid to enhancing social trust through and within education, by ensuring a more substantial system of ‘quality education for all’ in public education, with increased qualities in openness, flexibility and accountability, at both compulsory and post-compulsory levels of education.
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