Communities throughout the U.S. West erected monuments to white pioneer mothers in the late 1920s. While other western sculptors’ interest in frontier women soon faded, Avard Fairbanks continued to ...produce prominent public monuments to pioneer women and families for the next fifty years. Fairbanks’s pioneer monuments provide a valuable case study for examining the ways in which changing social norms influenced public monuments over the course of the twentieth century. Focusing on Avard Fairbanks’s fifty years of pioneer-themed monuments highlights the sculptor’s role in transforming idealized images of settler families from objects of purely regional memory into a national American family ideal.
The present article explores the relationship between the vindictive memory of some specific socio-historical groups (which has suffered the effects of several kinds of political violence) and the ...construction of monuments devoted to remember certain traumatic events of the past. Based on the analysis of a concrete case – the urban and commemorative spaces and symbols of Montevideo – this article examines the process of creation of those memorials for the victims of genocides, war actions against civil population, military repression against popular insurrections, guerrilla violence and State terrorism. This analysis considers the historical context in which the construction of every monument was approved, the social and political initiatives involved in their creation, the public debates they provoked, and the reactions they caused once they were finished.
This paper, which focuses upon the analysis of street names and public monuments in the central area of Budapest, leads us to consider how the fundamental and far-reaching under-girdings of ...literature (world literature, the very system of writing, literary art, literary institutions) ultimately influence the portayal of the cityscape and the very representation of the city. In such evocations of Budapest, one discovers that description and depiction constitute, above all else, a conduit for political content.
This essay analyzes the Homestead National Monument of America in Beatrice, Nebraska, as a material and symbolic rhetoric organized by the political ideograph . After establishing the diachronic use ...of and analyzing its synchronic confrontations with other verbal, visual, and landscape-based ideographs at the monument, I argue the monument is a material discourse symptomatic of a privatizing and protecting ideology. Specifically, the monument's employment of perpetuates an ideology that separates from the colonialist actions of the U.S. Federal government, opening a discursive space for recognizing the persecution of American Indian Nations by the "public" government, while not exposing a visitor's "private" to the ramifications of that colonialism.
Este artículo ilustra acerca del desarrollo de la escultura en Chile durante el siglo XIX y comienzos del XX, aportando antecedentes sobre aquellos modelos, obras y autores de mayor significación y ...trascendencia. Ilustra sobre el repertorio iconográfico de obras y cómo en ello se traducen representaciones simbólicas vinculadas con la cultura, la historia y la identidad del país. Se entrega información sobre la escultura y su relación con la ciudad y la presencia en ella del monumento público.
La monumentalisation de l’architecture figure parmi les marqueurs les plus éloquents de la pénétration de la culture romaine en Gaule, après la conquête. Peu de temps après l’instauration du ...Principat, de nouveaux édifices couverts de sculpture ornementale viennent en effet bouleverser le paysage architectural désormais gallo-romain. Sans précédent dans les constructions laténiennes, les décors architectoniques connaissent dès lors une importante diffusion et évoluent au gré d’influences diverses dont les premières sont dictées par des jalons métropolitains comme le temple de Mars Ultor.Plusieurs auteurs ont déjà proposé des synthèses retraçant l’évolution des décors architecturaux de Rome à l’époque impériale, pour le Ier siècle notamment. Elles sont en revanche beaucoup plus rares dès lors que l’on s’intéresse aux provinces de l’Empire et en particulier au nord des Gaules et aux Germanies, alors même que le matériel y est abondant. Ce constat est d’autant plus vrai à mesure que l’on avance vers la dynastie des Antonins puis vers les Sévères, à tel point que la seconde moitié du IIe et le IIIe siècles sont des époques quasiment désertées par les chercheurs.Situé dans la lignée de travaux récents concernant le décor architectonique « tardif » en Gaule et dans les Germanies (Genainville, Champlieu, Neumagen, Bordeaux, Pont-sainte-Maxence), ce travail propose une nouvelle synthèse centrée sur les deux derniers tiers du IIe et le IIIe siècle de notre ère. À partir d’un corpus réuni au sein des territoires éduen, lingon et sénon, il tente d’une part de caractériser les décors employés sur les bases, colonnes, chapiteaux, architraves, frises et corniches. En mettant en lumière une évolution pour chacun de ces éléments, il est alors possible de dégager des éléments chrono-typologiques. La question du répertoire ornemental est également abordée, ce qui permet de s’interroger sur les mécanismes évolutifs, la circulation des modèles et les différentes contraintes qui président aux changements observés. Enfin, l’étude des blocs permet de proposer plusieurs restitutions et d’ainsi avoir une idée de l’activité architecturale qui caractérise les différents sites observés.
The development of monumental stone architecture was part of the most telling clues about roman culture entering in Gaul, after Cesar’s conquest. Short while after the Principate started, new buildings covered with ornamental sculpture created a new architectural landscape in the territories that thus formed the roman Gauls. Even though architectonic ornaments had no precedent in the Iron Age, their spread quickly became very important. Ornaments thus started to evolve, taking monuments from Rome itself as first models ; for example the temple of Mars Ultor.Several authors have already written papers about the evolution of architectonic ornaments in the Imperial Rome, in particular for the Ist century AD. However, publications about the Provinces of the Empire are scarcer, especially regarding north of Gauls and Germanies. This observation is even more obvious for later periods such as the second half of the IInd and the IIIrd century A.D.My thesis belongs to a serie of recent works about « late » architectonic ornaments in roman Gauls and Germanies (about collections such as those of Genainville, Champlieu, Neumagen, Bordeaux, Pont-sainte-Maxence). It focus on a period from the years 130 to the years 230 AD (approximately from the reign of Antoninus to this of Alexander Severus). From a corpus gathered over three civitates (Aedui, Lingones, Senones), my work tries to define which ornaments were employed on the components of architectural orders (basis, columns, capitals, architrave, friezes, cornices), to understand how they were allocated, and to highlight how they evolved over decades. Ornamental repertory is also an important point : it allows to question about evolution mechanisms, patterns diffusion and other reasons that made handcrafters change their carving techniques. To finish, studying architectonic pieces provide possibilities of reconstructing monuments, so as to have a idea of what was building activity like in the three studied civitates.
This article examines how, between 1983 (Kenya's 20
th
anniversary of independence) and 1992 (the year Kenya became a multi-party state), the Kenya African National Union (KANU) used Nairobi's ...monumental landscape in a concerted effort to create a Kenyan postcolonial identity. The monuments erected in the capital city during these years of Moi's presidency (the Nyayo era) illustrate how the memory of the moment of independence was drawn upon in an attempt to unite the country's heterogeneous population through a Kenyan national identity. This memory was additionally mobilised through the use of independence anniversaries as lieux de mémoire in the inscription of these monuments into Nairobi's landscape. However, the memory was one chosen by the political elite, those who had the power to do so. While this group used its power to inscribe the landscape, it similarly used the inscription of the landscape to assert power. The political elite claimed the memory of independence to validate its authority and to associate itself with the independent country. The article examines how the abstract and metaphorical physical forms of Nairobi's Nyayo-era monuments form a postcolonial aesthetic in the city's monumental landscape and how this aesthetic was constructed to invite the wananchi (citizens) to participate in the celebration of the nation state.
The revision of the historical reputation of Oliver Cromwell in the Victorian period associated with writers such as Thomas Carlyle was expressed in many forms, in histories and biographies, novels, ...public lectures, magazine articles, and also in the erection of outdoor public statues. Two Cromwell statues were erected in the North of England, Manchester in 1875 and Warrington in 1899. This article traces the history and responses to the installation of the statue of Cromwell, sculpted by John Bell, in Warrington. The gift of a prominent local Liberal businessman, the statue exposed divisions within the community, reinforcing the view that the reassessment of Cromwell's status and place in the making of modern Britain was far from settled. Opposition to the scheme was especially evident within the town's substantial Irish community.
Scholarship on late antique cities has largely conceptualized them as singular entities, either decaying or transitioning as Roman imperial power and economic structures shifted. Improved ...archaeological data from urban sites, accompanied by a number of broad synthetic studies, now allow for fresh exploration of the details of urbanism in this transformative era. This study examines the ways that a select group of public buildings were used and reused in the Mediterranean West between 300 and 600 CE. This examination is primarily carried out through the collection of a broad catalogue of archaeological evidence (supplemented with epigraphic and literary testimony) for the constructions, work projects, abandonments and reuses of key public monuments across the Western Mediterranean region—principally Italy, southern Gaul, Spain, and North Africa west of Cyrenaica. This broad survey is augmented with case studies on select cities. Such an analysis of the late antique histories of baths, aqueducts, and spectacle buildings (theaters, amphitheaters, and circuses) shows that each of the building types had a distinct history and that public monuments were not a unitary group. It also reveals unexpectedly few regional trends, suggesting that these histories were broadly common across the West. Further, this study shows that each building type was reused differently, both in terms of purposes and chronology. Finally, by considering economic, technological, cultural and legal factors affecting patterns of use, abandonment and reuse, this study establishes that the primary cause for the transformations to public building was largely a change in euergetistic practices in late antiquity. Cities with access to imperial or other governmental patronage used and maintained their public monuments longer than those without. Together these observations demonstrate the complexities of urban change in this period and prove that the idea of a single pattern of decline in late antique cities is no longer tenable.
PDF
