The article discusses the risks involved in identifying gifted students in mathematics in the school environment. Although the theory of gifted students is widespread and available today, school ...practice shows many cases of gifted students who have not been identified in the school environment. The reasons for this are various. The article will present the theory related to this topic. The research was conducted as two case studies using qualitative research methods. Semi-structured interviews with parents and pupils were used, and the pupils were observed for a long time by the researcher. In the first case, it was a mathematically gifted pupil with dyslexia, and in the second case, it was a mathematically gifted pupil with an extremely high IQ. The result of the study was to find out in which moments the school did not provide support to the pupil in the two cases mentioned and what kind of help the pupil would appreciate at school. Both pupils were involved in a 1-year intervention in which the intention was to cultivate their mathematical thinking and expressions with the help of appropriately chosen tasks. The stated findings are important for practice and discussion about the training of future mathematics teachers, for which consistent professional training focusing, among other things, also on the education of gifted students is essential. Both case studies are part of long-term research dealing with the identification of gifted students.
Eye behaviour provides valuable information revealing one's higher cognitive functions and state of affect. Although eye tracking is gaining ground in the research community, it is not yet a popular ...approach for the detection of emotional and cognitive states. In this paper, we present a review of eye and pupil tracking related metrics (such as gaze, fixations, saccades, blinks, pupil size variation, etc.) utilized towards the detection of emotional and cognitive processes, focusing on visual attention, emotional arousal and cognitive workload. Besides, we investigate their involvement as well as the computational recognition methods employed for the reliable emotional and cognitive assessment. The publicly available datasets employed in relevant research efforts were collected and their specifications and other pertinent details are described. The multimodal approaches which combine eye-tracking features with other modalities (e.g. biosignals), along with artificial intelligence and machine learning techniques were also surveyed in terms of their recognition/classification accuracy. The limitations, current open research problems and prospective future research directions were discussed for the usage of eye-tracking as the primary sensor modality. This study aims to comprehensively present the most robust and significant eye/pupil metrics based on available literature towards the development of a robust emotional or cognitive computational model.
This paper is a development of our earlier work
5,6,11. The effects of classroom ventilation on pupils’ performance were investigated in 8 primary schools in England. In each school the ...concentrations of carbon dioxide and other parameters were monitored for three weeks in two selected classrooms. In 16 classrooms interventions were made to improve the ventilation rate and maintain the temperature within an acceptable range using a purpose-built portable mechanical ventilation system. As a result of the interventions the provision of outdoor air to the classrooms was improved from the prevailing levels of about 1 l/s per person to about 8 l/s per person.
The pupils and teachers in the classrooms studied were usually exposed to unacceptably poor air quality conditions, with CO
2 concentrations of up to 5000 ppm, much higher than the average recommended levels of 1500 ppm and the preferred level of 1000 ppm.
The results of computerized performance tasks performed by more than 200 pupils showed significantly faster and more accurate responses for Choice Reaction (by 2.2%), Colour Word Vigilance (by 2.7%), Picture Memory (by 8%) and Word Recognition (by 15%) at the higher ventilation rates compared with the low ventilation conditions.
The present investigation provides strong evidence that low ventilation rates in classrooms significantly reduce pupils’ attention and vigilance, and negatively affect memory and concentration. The physical environment therefore affects teaching and learning.
► Level of CO
2 affects cognitive performance. ► Test data collected from 8 UK primary schools. ► Recommended ventilation rates are proposed. ► Teachers participated and provided case history evidence for further recommendations for designers.
Across species, oxytocin, an evolutionarily ancient neuropeptide, facilitates social communication by attuning individuals to conspecifics' social signals, fostering trust and bonding. The eyes have ...an important signalling function; and humans use their salient and communicative eyes to intentionally and unintentionally send social signals to others, by contracting the muscles around their eyes and pupils. In our earlier research, we observed that interaction partners with dilating pupils are trusted more than partners with constricting pupils. But over and beyond this effect, we found that the pupil sizes of partners synchronize and that when pupils synchronously dilate, trust is further boosted. Critically, this linkage between mimicry and trust was bound to interactions between ingroup members. The current study investigates whether these findings are modulated by oxytocin and sex of participant and partner. Using incentivized trust games with partners from ingroup and outgroup whose pupils dilated, remained static or constricted, this study replicates our earlier findings. It further reveals that (i) male participants withhold trust from partners with constricting pupils and extend trust to partners with dilating pupils, especially when given oxytocin rather than placebo; (ii) female participants trust partners with dilating pupils most, but this effect is blunted under oxytocin; (iii) under oxytocin rather than placebo, pupil dilation mimicry is weaker and pupil constriction mimicry stronger; and (iv) the link between pupil constriction mimicry and distrust observed under placebo disappears under oxytocin. We suggest that pupil-contingent trust is parochial and evolved in social species in and because of group life.
Child labour is one of the major obstacles to the realization of universal primary education in low- and middle-income countries. Child labour deprives children of their chances to acquire the ...required skills for the development of their potential. This is akin to a child trying to prepare for an exam while carrying a heavy backpack of worries, fears, and distractions on their back which affects their desired outcome. This study provided an updated review of the literature on child labour's influence on primary school pupils' enrolment. Child labour literature was explored via a scoping literature review strategy. As a result of this literature review, child labour negatively impacts primary school enrolment. This study also revealed that child labour is the major contributor to primary school pupils' dropout. Finally, this review revealed that enforcing a minimum employment age of 15 and reducing the return to child labour without providing social supports such as conditional cash transfer to the poor household would facilitate an increase in children’s dropout rate in developing countries. Based on the empirical child labour literature, more research is needed to be conducted using qualitative and quantitative measures to capture first-hand information to augment quantitative measures.
For children, the game of chess is quite important, as it helps them to become responsible human beings, with a fairly high degree of discipline and much wiser. By associating chess with the physical ...activity in physical education classes, we offer children all the leverage for healthy development. The purpose of the present paper is to highlight the fact that practicing chess at any school age contributes to the fulfillment of the functions of physical education and becomes a means of socialization. The game of chess used in physical education classes and during school breaks was aimed at socializing students. The students included in the present research were tested by applying the items of the questionnaire. The school planning elaboration of the chess course is designed according to the age of the students and taking into account their ability to concentrate. The organization of the class of students is in pairs and groups, having the game of chess as a means of work.
Nodal points and the eye Simpson, Michael J
Applied optics. Optical technology and biomedical optics,
2022-Apr-01, Letnik:
61, Številka:
10
Journal Article
Recenzirano
Nodal points are defined using parallel object and image rays at very small angles to the optical axis, and Johann Listing described them when characterizing the eye in 1845. They are only distinct ...from principal points when there is a refractive index difference, but Reginald Clay used the term "nodal slide" in 1904 for equipment that uses lens rotation when measuring a lens focal length in air. Over time, sketches of nodal rays at large angles have become common, and these perhaps appear to support observations that input angles to the eye match image angles measured to the nodal point. Raytrace calculations confirm that this is correct for very large angles, but the relationship comes from the cornea curving around, towards incoming light, angles being rescaled at the exit pupil by a constant factor, and then the retina curving around to meet the image rays. The eye has high linearity, with 1:1 angular scaling occurring at approximately the nodal point, but ray bundles passing through the pupil center, rather than paraxial nodal rays, define the optical properties.
Adaptive gain theory proposes that the dynamic shifts between exploration and exploitation control states are modulated by the locus coeruleus-norepinephrine system and reflected in tonic and phasic ...pupil diameter. This study tested predictions of this theory in the context of a societally important visual search task: the review and interpretation of digital whole slide images of breast biopsies by physicians (pathologists). As these medical images are searched, pathologists encounter difficult visual features and intermittently zoom in to examine features of interest. We propose that tonic and phasic pupil diameter changes during image review may correspond to perceived difficulty and dynamic shifts between exploration and exploitation control states. To examine this possibility, we monitored visual search behavior and tonic and phasic pupil diameter while pathologists (N = 89) interpreted 14 digital images of breast biopsy tissue (1,246 total images reviewed). After viewing the images, pathologists provided a diagnosis and rated the level of difficulty of the image. Analyses of tonic pupil diameter examined whether pupil dilation was associated with pathologists' difficulty ratings, diagnostic accuracy, and experience level. To examine phasic pupil diameter, we parsed continuous visual search data into discrete zoom-in and zoom-out events, including shifts from low to high magnification (e.g., 1× to 10×) and the reverse. Analyses examined whether zoom-in and zoom-out events were associated with phasic pupil diameter change. Results demonstrated that tonic pupil diameter was associated with image difficulty ratings and zoom level, and phasic pupil diameter showed constriction upon zoom-in events, and dilation immediately preceding a zoom-out event. Results are interpreted in the context of adaptive gain theory, information gain theory, and the monitoring and assessment of physicians' diagnostic interpretive processes.
Pupillometry: A Window to the Preconscious? Laeng, Bruno; Sirois, Sylvain; Gredebäck, Gustaf
Perspectives on psychological science,
01/2012, Letnik:
7, Številka:
1
Journal Article
Recenzirano
The measurement of pupil diameter in psychology (in short, "pupillometry") has just celebrated 50 years. The method established itself after the appearance of three seminal studies (Hess & Polt, ...1960,1964; Kahneman & Beatty, 1966). Since then, the method has continued to play a significant role within the field, and pupillary responses have been successfully used to provide an estimate of the "intensity" of mental activity and of changes in mental states, particularly changes in the allocation of attention and the consolidation of perception. Remarkably, pupillary responses provide a continuous measure regardless of whether the participant is aware of such changes. More recently, research in neuroscience has revealed a tight correlation between the activity of the locus coeruleus (i.e., the "hub" of the noradrenergic system) and pupillary dilation. As we discuss in this short review, these neurophysiological findings provide new important insights to the meaning of pupillary responses for mental activity. Finally, given that pupillary responses can be easily measured in a noninvasive manner, occur from birth, and can occur in the absence of voluntary, conscious processes, they constitute a very promising tool for the study of preverbal (e.g., infants) or nonverbal participants (e.g., animals, neurological patients).
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