The human eye can provide powerful insights into the emotions and intentions of others; however, how pupillary changes influence observers’ behavior remains largely unknown. The present ...fMRI–pupillometry study revealed that when the pupils of interacting partners synchronously dilate, trust is promoted, which suggests that pupil mimicry affiliates people. Here we provide evidence that pupil mimicry modulates trust decisions through the activation of the theory-of-mind network (precuneus, temporo-parietal junction, superior temporal sulcus, and medial prefrontal cortex). This network was recruited during pupil-dilation mimicry compared with interactions without mimicry or compared with pupil-constriction mimicry. Furthermore, the level of theory-of-mind engagement was proportional to individual’s susceptibility to pupil-dilation mimicry. These data reveal a fundamental mechanism by which an individual’s pupils trigger neurophysiological responses within an observer: when interacting partners synchronously dilate their pupils, humans come to feel reflections of the inner states of others, which fosters trust formation.
A conceptualisation of whole-class scaffolding Smit, Jantien; A. A. van Eerde, Henriëtte; Bakker, Arthur
British educational research journal,
10/2013, Letnik:
39, Številka:
5
Journal Article
Recenzirano
The concept of scaffolding refers to temporary and adaptive support, originally in dyadic adult–child interaction. It has become widely used, also in whole-class settings, but often in loose ways. ...The aim of this paper is to theoretically and empirically ground a conceptualisation of whole-class scaffolding so that it remains close to the origin of the scaffolding concept, but also provides scope for features not salient in one-to-one interaction. Drawing an analogy with Vygotsky's concept of Zone of Proximal Development we argue why the extension to whole-class settings is justified. We further distinguish three key characteristics for whole-class scaffolding—diagnosis, responsiveness and handover to independence—and illustrate these with examples from a teaching experiment focusing on whole-class scaffolding language in a multilingual mathematics classroom (age 10–12). The empirical data led to a metaphorical distinction between online and offline enactment of key characteristics, during respectively outside whole-class interaction. Diagnoses can namely also be made outside lessons, for instance by reading pupils' work; responsiveness can also be realised in adapting instructional activities; and handover to independence can also be fostered in the design of lessons. In addition to this layered nature (online vs. offline), whole-class scaffolding is often distributed over time. Finally, whole-class scaffolding is cumulative with pupils' independence emerging as the cumulative effect of many diagnostic and responsive actions over time. We suggest these three features are at the core of whole-class scaffolding that is deliberately employed to foster long-term learning processes.
This study focuses on language learning strategy use examined in the context of Content and Language Integrated Learning (CLIL) with a specific focus on productive vocabulary development in a school ...year time frame. The research took place in the Czech Republic, a sample comprised of 286 pupils ranging from 11 to 14 years of age, a total of 12 classes spread over three schools. Half of the experimental group had one year of CLIL experience prior to the study. The content subjects in the experimental classes were History and Civics; the language of instruction was English. The study aimed at finding out what is the connection between language learning strategies and vocabulary acquisition in CLIL classes. Standardized Laufer & Nation’s vocabulary levels tests and Oxford’s Strategy Inventory for Language Learning served as data collection instruments. Variables taken into consideration were CLIL experience, gender, content subject and teacher. The previous year of CLIL and the teacher turned out to be significant. Concerning the questionnaires, five strategies showed a positive influence on the growth of productive vocabulary. Surprisingly enough, five strategies negatively impacted vocabulary. Strategies using a task-based methodology proved superior to purely vocabulary-based strategies.
A space occupant's real-time exposure to light reaching his/her eyes has been a concern in lighting research and design practice. This study assumed a schematic eye to estimate the luminous flux ...received by the entrance pupil from the visible luminous environment. As the first part of this study, this paper focused on the fundamentals of luminous flux calculation that considers real-time human eye reactions. The research work includes: (a) developing a dynamic binocular/monocular visual field model that takes the eye movement into account, based on a conventional visual field model in orthomode, (b) retrieving the apparent area of the entrance pupil of the schematic eye, and (c) quantifying the light passing through the entrance pupil from the luminous environment fallen in the binocular/monocular visual field. The fundamental theory was tested in a theoretical uniform lighting scene to calculate the luminous flux emitted from the human visual field along multiple gaze directions at different light levels. A foundation was thus laid to estimate the real-time luminous flux passing through the entrance pupil with the aid of the camera as disclosed in Part 2 of the present study.
A space occupant's real-time exposure to light reaching his/her eyes has been a concern in lighting research and design practice. Following the parallel fundamental research in Part 1, Part 2 of this ...study explored a way to use a Canon 550D fitted with the Sigma 4.5 mm F2.8 circular fisheye lens to estimate the luminous flux arriving at the entrance pupil from the visible luminous environment. By taking two 180° HDR images at the same camera position but in different aiming directions and merging them into a single luminance map covering the observer's entire binocular visual field (214° horizontally and 125° vertically), the monocular and binocular luminance map can be generated with the aid of the dynamic visual field model proposed in Part 1. In a field verification experiment, the luminous flux passing through the entrance pupil in the preset scenes and gaze angles was estimated. Individual luminous contribution from an object or a region of interest within the occupant's dynamic binocular visual field or subfields was also calculated. This study expanded the capacity of HDR photography in lighting measurement to capture binocular luminous flux entering human eyes as input for optimizing human-light interaction in various luminous environments.
This paper presents a novel liveness detection method that exploits the acquisition workflow for iris biometrics on smartphones using a hybrid visible (RGB)/near infra-red (NIR) sensor. These devices ...are able to capture both RGB and NIR images of the eye and iris region in synchronization. This multi-spectral information is mapped into a discrete feature space. An intermediate classifier which uses a distance metric close to Jenson-Shannon divergence is employed to classify the incoming image. Further, a fast, multi-frame pupil localization technique using one-dimensional processing of the eye region is proposed and evaluated. This is used to analyze the pupil characteristics of the images classified as 'live' in the previous stage. It is shown that such an analysis could detect presentation attacks, even with a 3-D face model made of materials that has properties similar to human skin and the ocular region 1 .
In this paper, a deep-learning based pupil tracking technique is developed for the application of visible-light wearable eye trackers. By applying You only look once (YOLO) based deep learning object ...detection technology, the proposed pupil tracking method estimates and predicts the centers of pupils effectively in the visible-light mode. By testing the pupil tracking performance with the developed inference model, the precision is up to 80%, and the recall is close to 83%. Besides, the average horizontal and vertical pupil tracking errors of the deep-learning based design are only 4 pixels, which are much less than those of the previous ellipse fitting based design at the same visible-light conditions.
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