Reclaiming 42centers on one of America's most respected cultural icons, Jackie Robinson, and the forgotten aspects of his cultural legacy. Since his retirement in 1956, and more strongly in the last ...twenty years, America has primarily remembered Robinson's legacy in an oversimplified way, as the pioneering first black baseball player to integrate the Major Leagues. The mainstream commemorative discourse regarding Robinson's career has been created and directed largely by Major League Baseball (MLB), which sanitized and oversimplified his legacy into narratives of racial reconciliation that celebrate his integrity, character, and courage while excluding other aspects of his life, such as his controversial political activity, his public clashes with other prominent members of the black community, and his criticism of MLB. MLB's commemoration of Robinson reflects a professional sport that is inclusive, racially and culturally tolerant, and largely postracial. Yet Robinson's identity-and therefore his memory-has been relegated to the boundaries of a baseball diamond and to the context of a sport, and it is within this oversimplified legacy that history has failed him. The dominant version of Robinson's legacy ignores his political voice during and after his baseball career and pays little attention to the repercussions that his integration had on many factions within the black community.Reclaiming 42illuminates how public memory of Robinson has undergone changes over the last sixty-plus years and moves his story beyond Robinson the baseball player, opening a new, broader interpretation of an otherwise seemingly convenient narrative to show how Robinson's legacy ultimately should both challenge and inspire public memory.
Residents’ perceptions of tourism impacts and their attitudes toward tourism development are among the topics that are frequently examined in the tourism literature. In particular, it is of great ...importance to determine the perceptions of the residents in the destination where tourism activities are not intense and tourism is not developed yet, in terms of ensuring sustainable tourism development in the destination. Therefore, this study aims to use two different structures (place attachment and the impacts of tourism) together to determine the intention of supporting tourism developments and fill the gap in the literature. The data were collected from 450 participants through the questionnaire forms created in the study and the analysis was carried out with SPSS and AMOS statistics programs. First, factor analysis was applied and then the structural equation model was used. According to the results of the study, while there is no significant relationship between place dependence and intention to support tourism development, it has been determined that place identity and intention to support are determined in a meaningful way. In addition, it has been determined that both negative and positive impacts are predictors of place attachment factors (place identity, place dependence) and there is a significant relationship between residents’ intention to support and behavioral support for tourism development. The suggestions for future studies and the limitation of the current study are presented at the end of this study
Visitors have different motivations associated with parks and protected areas, and the people who run those areas are also different from visitors due to their unique positions. This is especially ...true for the Potomac Heritage National Scenic Trail (POHE), where stakeholders – ranging from park managers and Department of Transportation planners to volunteers of nonprofits and historical societies collaborate to manage sections along the 822-mile extent of the trail. Building on previous work itemizing the diversity of motivations for visitation to parks and protected areas, this study investigates similarities and differences in stakeholder and manager Recreation Experience Preferences by clustering responses gathered from a Public Participation Geographic Information System (PPGIS) survey sent to stakeholders and collected from visitors onsite in 2021. Analysis using Multiple Correspondence Analysis and comparison of the demographic and visitor use characteristics associated with these two groups allows stakeholders to understand their demographic similarities and use differences to the visitors, as well as leverage a metric to understand how motivations change over time as demographics and visitor use patterns change. This tool also reinforces the wide range of motivations to this culturally and geographically diverse trail while upholding previous research in the field.
The purpose of this study was to compare personality traits of undergraduate students who chose to enroll in adventure-based (a-b) courses vs. undergraduate students who chose to enroll in ...non-adventure = based (n-a) courses at Northeastern State University. Although prior research has been conducted concerning college students and personality, little has research has been conducted addressing the possible link between college student’s personality traits and specific course selection. The sample is made up of 269 respondents, 64 reported enrolling only in a-b courses, while 205 reported enrolling in n-a courses at NSU. All respondents completed the Big Five Inventory (BFI). The BFI is designed to measure the Big Five Personality Traits: Openness to New Experience, Conscientiousness, Extraversion, Agreeableness, and Neuroticism (OCEAN). 5 independent sample T-tests were performed in order to determine if there was a statistically significant difference in the means of the subcategories. A Bonferroni adjusted alpha of .05 was used to control for type I error (.05.5 = .01). This statistical analysis indicated that NSU students who enrolled in a-b courses scored significantly higher in Extraversion than NSU students who enrolled in n-a courses. The analysis also indicated that NSU students who enrolled in a-b courses scored significantly lower in the area of Neuroticism than students who enrolled only in n-a courses. The research did not indicate a significant difference in Openness to New Experience, Conscientiousness, or Agreeableness between the two groups. The implications of this research in practice can include targeting specific personality traits as it relates to specific college courses, more efficient advisement of college students based on personality traits, and planning and development of new courses or programs. Future research may include personality traits and enrollment choices across gender or ethnicity.
Since the start of social media, there has been a rise in the ‘technomeritocracy’ or the importance of things being posted online for social gratification. While the online technomeritocracy ...seemingly drives in-person behavior, there is a need to better understand the divergent motivations behind this form of symbolic consumption and the sacrifices these motivations encourage for social media photos. With these needs in mind, we aimed to develop two scales to measure these influences. The development of the Conspicuous Consumption Posting Scale (CCPS) and the Travel Photo Sacrifice Scale (TPSS) follows the best practices of Churchill and Rossiter including multiple samples used to validate construct and predictive validity of each scale. Both scales can be used by management organizations to further improve their social media marketing strategies by understanding the motivations if their clientele and ensuring that expectations on price and quality are congruous with visitor expectations.
Lower income and disadvantaged communities habitually have a higher drowning fatality rate. These communities often do not have access to safe swimming educational tools such as swim lesson programs, ...CPR certification courses, and properly fitting lifejackets. This study explores the prefacing concepts that contribute to why these communities have a higher drowning rate. Utilizing a one-way ANOVA, this study surveyed the student population at Oklahoma State University and compared individual’s access to various drowning prevention strategies in relation to their socioeconomic status.
Costa Rica protects almost 30% of its territory and holds nearly 6% of the world’s biodiversity in just 0.03% of the Earth’s surface. Considered for decades a “green republic,” its long tradition of ...conservation, political stability, democracy, anti-militarism, and strategic location between two oceans and proximity to the North American market, helped the country to position itself as a worldwide model for ecotourism in the 1990s.Since then, tourism has been the most important engine of economic development for Costa Rica (even during the pandemic), and visitation has steadily increased, especially to protected areas. Park managers, then, uphold a triple mandate to preserve heritage, support surrounding communities in their enjoyment of benefits that derive from ecotourism, and at the same time guarantee that visitors achieve satisfying experiences. A principal pathway to the fulfillment of this mandate, particularly for visitor satisfaction and heritage protection, is effective tourism management, known as public use or visitor management. To monitor the effectiveness of such management, make improvements, or try new models, research is required. Unlike in the United States which enjoys a long tradition of public use and recreation research professionals and institutions, Costa Rica has no strategy or even recognizes the little public use management research which has taken place within its borders. The first part of this dissertation identifies existing publications and research gaps about public use management in Costa Rica’s national protected areas system. Also, it highlighted the most urgent public use management research needs and interests reported by park managers and other protected area stakeholders in Costa Rica. Based on these findings, a research agenda was designed to guide future public use management research in the country, and in particular for the Paraíso and Turrialba region, the area of influence of the University of Costa Rica-Paraiso Branch, where the author works with the Ecological Tourism Program. Additionally, both to illustrate the use of this new research agenda and to begin to fill in one of the identified gaps, a case study was developed to identify underlying factors that influence the visitor’s perception of the authenticity of Guayabo National Monument, an archeological site located within a forest and one of Costa Rica’s most important cultural heritage sites.This research employed mixed methods and tools: a literature review and synthesis, personal interviews, and template analysis were applied to identify existing publications and gaps in public use management research, and for the development of the research agenda. An online survey identified social science research needs in protected areas, and for the perception of authenticity, an on-site survey and Exploratory Factor Analysis (EFA) were applied.The results produced, for the first time in Costa Rica, an updated database of existing publications and a research agenda to guide future public use management research. The EFA generated a set of factors that related to a framework by Wang (1999) in which he presented the concepts of objective, constructive, and existential authenticity. There are no other studies that have done this, and thus it will serve to develop a scale of visitor perception of authenticity in Guayabo National Monument which can later be tested and adapted to other protected areas. The implications for managers and researchers are important because once pandemic restrictions are lifted, visitation will surely surge. This post-pandemic era presents a unique opportunity to introduce new management actions along with more concerted research efforts that should strengthen the planning, monitoring, and improvement of public use management, hopefully, at the same time that visitor satisfaction and conservation also increase in Costa Rica.
A family’s participation in outdoor recreation activities can provide numerous benefits to each individual. Children’s participation is influenced from various factors, but parents have one of the ...greatest influences on their child’s outdoor recreation behavior. The purpose of this study is to assess the outcomes of a statewide outdoor recreation program in relation to using state parks as outdoor wellness centers, as well as investigate the relationship between parents’ outdoor recreation participation and perception and their children’s outdoor recreation involvement. A total of 104 parents or guardians recalled their family’s participation in the Go Forth program. Those responses were analyzed and used for this study. The survey was split into five sections (program participation, state park use and outdoor recreation, physical activity, outdoor activity and benefits, and demographics) to better understand the outdoor recreation participation of families.Descriptive analysis showed participants were already frequent state park users and preferred non-consumptive outdoor recreation activities. Popular activities included hiking, picnicking/outdoor cooking, and swimming. Chi-square analysis results showed parents who prefer consumptive outdoor recreation activities place a higher importance for their children to participate in shooting sports, fishing, and hunting. Pearson correlation indicated a substantial positive relationship between parents’ physical activity level with their children’s physical activity level (r = .60). Although parents, in general, reported a high support of their children observing various benefits by using state parks, the results of paired t-tests showed parents had a significantly higher expectation in quality service of state parks provided than they perceived. Due to most of the participants already being frequent outdoor recreation users, providers should find increasingly engaging ways to reach non-frequent users. Importance of educational programs such as, visiting nature centers, was revealed and suggests the possibility of increased programming in this area as well as the potential for collaboration and partnerships with other agencies like schools or libraries.
