•Reporting verbs are a key way authors communicate their intersubjective stance.•EAL and English L1 learners rely on RVs that neutrally attribute evidence.•Experts rely on RVs that endorse the ...evidence or entertain different perspectives.•These findings identify how learners can develop stance through their RV choices.
A key feature of academic texts is the heteroglossic interaction that occurs between the writer and the experts he/she references. When integrating outside experts into their texts, writers often employ integral, author prominent reporting structures, selecting reporting verbs (RVs) to evaluate the veracity and merit of the propositions. This paper examines EAL and English L1 learners’ RV use and compares it with that of experts, providing a corpus-assisted, comparative analysis. It further explores how writers build intertextuality through these RV choices. Using the resources of Appraisal theory, and specifically, the Engagement system, we found that experts tend to favor dialogically contracting RVs (e.g., show and find) that endorse the proposition whereas learners rely heavily on expanding RVs that entertain the evidence as an option to consider (e.g., suggest) or simply attribute it to an outside expert (e.g., state). In particular, both the EAL and English L1 learners strongly rely upon more “neutral” attribute: acknowledge structures (e.g., state, according to), providing no overt indication as to their intersubjective stance on the evidence. These comparative findings provide a roadmap for novice writers to develop authorial stance and adapt to the expert conventions of their given fields.
•Teacher feedback is a key determinant of social referencing processes.•Feedback on incorrect behavior affects acceptance during classroom activities.•Feedback on academic performance affects ...acceptance during classroom activities.•Acceptance in recess is not affected by feedback on performance and behavior.•The effect of teacher feedback on social acceptance depends on the context.
Teacher feedback behavior is a key determinant of the social referencing processes that influence the social acceptance of pupils. The present longitudinal study explores how teacher feedback on academic performance and social behavior is related to social acceptance during classroom activities and recess in the natural setting of inclusive classrooms. Data come from a study with 32 teachers and their 546 first to third grade pupils in Switzerland. Teacher feedback behavior was videotaped and peer nominations and ratings were used to assess social acceptance. Multilevel regression analyses showed that feedback on incorrect social behavior was negatively correlated with feedback on correct academic performance. Teacher feedback on incorrect social behavior and on correct and incorrect academic performance predicted how pupils were accepted by their peers during classroom activities. However, teacher feedback did not affect social acceptance during recess. The effect of teacher feedback behavior on social acceptance appears to depend on context. Social acceptance during classroom activities is influenced by teacher feedback whereas social acceptance at recess is not.
Stock deviation of casted parts needs to be handled by adapting the CNC machining code to every new batch. Usually, human experts deal with this workpiece referencing task, but the demand for ...automation is expressed by the industry. This paper introduces a Digital Twin (DT) supported workpiece referencing method, implemented in the following steps: building the DT of the CNC machining cell, loading measurements of the casted part into the DT, solving the workpiece referencing problem as a convex optimization problem, and generating the compensated CNC code. The proposed approach is illustrated in a case study from the automotive industry.
Dogs have been claimed to engage in social referencing by responding in a way that corresponded with their owners' reaction in some contexts. We aimed to assess how owners’ actions affect family ...dogs’ behaviour in two ambiguous lifelike situations. In Experiment 1, two groups were tested; in the suspicious owner (SO) group, owners behaved suspiciously (
N
= 25), in the reassuring owner (RO) group, owners behaved in a reassuring manner (
N
= 28) facing a ‘threatening stranger’. The sitting owners provided voice intonation and body posture changes as cues for the dogs when the stranger entered the room. Dogs looked longer at the owners and stayed longer near them in the SO group but their tendency to approach the stranger did not differ between the groups. Although the owners’ behaviours seemed to have relevant effects on dogs’ responses, we note that these looking and proximity seeking behaviours might also be explained by reactions to the owners’ behaviour alone. In Experiment 2, all dogs (
N
= 19) were tested in both the SO and RO conditions in a slightly different procedure. Depending on the condition, owners took one step forward/backward and spoke happily/worryingly. The procedural differences and the larger distance between the stranger and the owner allowed the dog more time to perceive the behaviour of both the stranger and the owner, which made the distinction between alternative explanations for the dogs’ behaviour easier to interpret. Dogs spent more time behind their owners in the SO condition and more dogs approached the stranger in the RO condition. Dogs’ avoidance of the stranger when the owner behaved suspiciously and their tendency to approach the stranger only when the owner displayed positive emotions, can be best explained by social referencing.
Sequence-Level Reference Frames in Video Coding Jubran, Mohammad; Abbas, Alhabib; Andreopoulos, Yiannis
IEEE transactions on circuits and systems for video technology,
03/2022, Letnik:
32, Številka:
3
Journal Article
Recenzirano
Odprti dostop
The proliferation of low-cost DRAM chipsets now begins to allow for the consideration of substantially-increased decoded picture buffers in advanced video coding standards such as HEVC, VVC, and ...Google VP9. At the same time, the increasing demand for rapid scene changes and multiple scene repetitions in entertainment or broadcast content indicates that extending the frame referencing interval to tens of minutes or even the entire video sequence may offer coding gains, as long as one is able to identify frame similarity in a computationally- and memory-efficient manner. Motivated by these observations, we propose a "stitching" method that defines a reference buffer and a reference frame selection algorithm. Our proposal extends the referencing interval of inter-frame video coding to the entire length of video sequences. Our reference frame selection algorithm uses well-established feature descriptor methods that describe frame structural elements in a compact and semantically-rich manner. We propose to combine such compact descriptors with a similarity scoring mechanism in order to select the frames to be "stitched" to reference picture buffers of advanced inter-frame encoders like HEVC, VVC, and VP9 without breaking standard compliance. Our evaluation on synthetic and real-world video sequences with the HEVC and VVC reference encoders shows that our method offers significant rate gains, with complexity and memory requirements that remain manageable for practical encoders and decoders.
Abstract
Very Long Baseline Interferometry (VLBI) astrometry is a well established technique for achieving ±10
μ
as parallax accuracies at frequencies well above 10 GHz. At lower frequencies, ...uncompensated interferometer delays associated with the ionosphere play the dominant role in limiting the astrometric accuracy. Multiview is a novel VLBI calibration method, which uses observations of multiple quasars to accurately model and remove time-variable, directional-dependent changes to the interferometer delay. Here we extend the Multiview technique by phase-referencing data to the target source (“inverse Multiview”) and test its performance. Multiple observations with a four-antenna VLBI array operating at 8.3 GHz show single-epoch astrometric accuracies near 20
μ
as for target–reference quasar separations up to about 7°. This represents an improvement in astrometric accuracy by up to an order of magnitude compared to standard phase-referencing.
Abstract
Is it possible to encompass the full extent of the universe within a theory based on a finite set of first principles and inference rules?
The r^ole of observers and observations in physics ...theories is considered here in the light of G¨odel’s incompleteness theorem. Physics theories are the sum-total that we – humans, scientists, physicists – can make in interpreting our observations of the universe. We are integral part of the universe, together with our observations, therefore acts of observation are also observables and should become part of the phenomena considered by the theory, especially in view of the fact that arbitrarily chosen modes of observations may essentially determine empirical results.
Incompleteness arises in G¨odel’s theorem with self-referential propositions. Observations and interpretations are acts of referencing, and self-referencing occurs in physics whenever the observer is recognized as being part of the observed system. If self-reference appears in physics in simile to G¨odel’s theorem, then incompleteness seems unavoidable in physics.
The article discusses observers and observations as referencing in physics, culminating with the understanding that they are hierarchically inter-related so that a universal physics theory cannot be complete.
The first attempts to identify amorphous organic substances in archaeology date to the end of the 19th century and the beginning of the 20th century. The 1960s saw the development of infrared ...spectrometry, and then separative and mass spectrometry analyses were implemented in the 1980s. But it is only since the 1990s that extended and systematic research programmes were devoted to these substances. The number of publications has not stopped growing and is becoming exponential. To get an overview of the lipid studies in archaeology, we conceived the ARchaeological Organic residues Literature Database (AROLD) as a first structured and collaborative research tool. This paper describes the challenges of setting up such a database, details its architecture, presents the choices involved in its implementation, and discusses the possibilities of sharing and evolving this tool.
CEOs have been argued to play a critical role for organizational performance. However, CEOs cannot achieve success singlehandedly. They rely on other organizational members to execute and implement ...their agenda and to contribute to organizational success. In the present research, we propose that CEOs serve as identity leaders of their organization who are able to enhance organizational performance by representing and cultivating a sense of shared collective identity (“us”) with those they lead. One way for leaders to do so is through the use of we-referencing (as opposed to I-referencing) language. We examine this idea in a pre-registered study of organizations listed in the DAX (i.e., leading German stock index) between 2000 and 2016, assessing the impact of CEOs’ use of we- and I-referencing language in letters to the stakeholders (N = 378) on objective indicators of organizational financial performance. In line with hypotheses, results show a positive relationship between CEOs’ use of we-referencing language and key indicators of financial performance: return on assets and sales per employee (while there was no evidence of an association with return on sales). At the same time, results indicate that the use of I-referencing language was unrelated to organizational performance. These findings advance the literature on strategic leadership and on the social identity approach to leadership by suggesting that CEOs’ thinking and acting in collective terms is associated with greater organizational financial performance.
Fluorine chemistry has taken a pivotal role in chemical reaction discovery, drug development, and chemical biology. NMR spectroscopy, arguably the most important technique for the characterization of ...fluorinated compounds, is rife with highly inconsistent referencing of fluorine NMR chemical shifts, producing deviations larger than 1 ppm. Herein, we provide unprecedented evidence that both spectrometer design and the current unified scale system underpinning the calibration of heteronuclear NMR spectra have unintentionally led to widespread variation in the standardization of 19F NMR spectral data. We demonstrate that internal referencing provides the most robust, practical, and reproducible method whereby chemical shifts can be consistently measured and confirmed between institutions to less than 30 ppb deviation. Finally, we provide a comprehensive table of appropriately calibrated chemical shifts of reference compounds that will serve to calibrate 19F spectra correctly.
Vague definitions and a lack of an identifiable and validating reference signal lead to highly inconsistent referencing in fluorine NMR spectroscopy, producing deviations larger than 1 ppm. By deploying calibrated tertiary reference compounds, the variations in fluorine chemical shifts across institutions can be reduced by two orders of magnitude (to <30 ppb), significantly improving the reproducibility of fluorine NMR chemical shifts.
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