Abstract
This paper examines some drivers behind substantial changes in tax policy in recent decades. Using existing theories and our definition of ‘beneficial major tax reforms’, we discuss three ...case studies: the US in the 1980s, the UK in the 1980s, and the UK’s failed ‘mini-budget’ of 2022. Our analysis reveals that the US’s TRA86 has, to some degree, improved efficiency, while the UK reforms may have exacerbated inequality with ambiguous effects on efficiency. Finally, we outline the potential for future reforms and conclude that political conditions are more likely to instigate major change than economic motivations.
Editorial Peci, Alketa
Revista de administração pública (Rio de Janeiro),
07/2019, Letnik:
53, Številka:
4
Journal Article
Recenzirano
Odprti dostop
O quarto número da RAP de 2019 reúne um conjunto de artigos que discutem a burocracia brasileira por vários olhares, recortes e perspectivas. O setor público e as várias organizações, carreiras e ...redes que a configuram têm sido objeto de maior escrutínio político e público, particularmente em contexto de crise econômica e fiscal. Boa parte das propostas de reforma, entretanto, não se baseia num diagnóstico adequado, até porque a burocracia pública não é um ator monolítico, mas um conjunto de instituições e atores com capacidades e interesses díspares. Vários artigos publicados neste número da revista podem ajudar a diagnosticar mais corretamente gargalos burocráticos, desconstruindo o senso comum que prevalece sobre aspectos como o grau de profissionalização ou a captura política da burocracia.
Opportunity for marine fisheries reform in China Cao, Ling; Chen, Yong; Dong, Shuanglin ...
Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences - PNAS,
01/2017, Letnik:
114, Številka:
3
Journal Article
Recenzirano
Odprti dostop
China's 13th Five-Year Plan, launched in March 2016, provides a sound policy platform for the protection of marine ecosystems and the restoration of capture fisheries within China's exclusive ...economic zone. What distinguishes China among many other countries striving for marine fisheries reform is its size-accounting for almost one-fifth of global catch volume-and the unique cultural context of its economic and resource management. In this paper, we trace the history of Chinese government priorities, policies, and outcomes related to marine fisheries since the 1978 Economic Reform, and examine how the current leadership's agenda for "ecological civilization" could successfully transform marine resource management in the coming years. We show how China, like many other countries, has experienced a decline in the average trophic level of its capture fisheries during the past few decades, and how its policy design, implementation, and enforcement have influenced the status of its wild fish stocks. To reverse the trend in declining fish stocks, the government is introducing a series of new programs for sustainable fisheries and aquaculture, with greater traceability and accountability in marine resource management and area controls on coastal development. As impressive as these new plans are on paper, we conclude that serious institutional reforms will be needed to achieve a true paradigm shift in marine fisheries management in China. In particular, we recommend new institutions for science-based fisheries management, secure fishing access, policy consistency across provinces, educational programs for fisheries managers, and increasing public access to scientific data.
The introduction of the parental leave benefit scheme in 2007 is widely regarded as a landmark reform that has shifted the German welfare state towards a model that better supports work and family ...life compatibility. In this article, we investigate whether and how this reform has affected men’s use of parental leave based on data from the German microcensus of 1999–2012. We find that parental leave usage has increased across all educational levels, but the shift has been strongest for university-educated fathers. Public sector employment is beneficial for men’s uptake of leave, while self-employment and temporary work lowers fathers’ chances of taking leave. The parental leave reform has not affected these associations much.
Bureaucratic discretion is a fundamental feature of social provision, one that presents enduring difficulties for management. In general, management reform has taken two, divergent paths. One, ...utilizing the familiar public bureaucratic model, seeks to control discretion through hierarchical command structures and standardization. The other, utilizing decentralization and privatization, regulates and relocates discretion, using incentive structures associated with market or quasi-market institutions. However, it may be that discretion will prove to be as problematic for the new public management (NPM) as it was for the old. This article offers a critical political history of management reformism, reviewing efforts to reorganize the public welfare provision by applying new public management models to old public bureaucracy problems. It considers the dynamics of bureaucratic discretion and reform not only as a problem of public management but as part of the contested politics of social policymaking.
In 2015, the Chinese government implemented referral reform in its hierarchical medical system by adjusting the reimbursement rules of medical insurance, in order to guide patients' hospital ...preference. This reform has impacted the equity and spatial accessibility of healthcare resources in different regions. Taking Beijing as a case study, we calculated and compared the equity and accessibility of healthcare resources before and after referral reform with a three-stage two-step floating catchment area method. We set different referral rates and explored their effects on medical service accessibility and equity. The results showed that the referral reform improved total accessibility of public hospitals in Beijing, but at the same time aggravated the inequality of healthcare resource accessibility among towns and streets. Healthcare accessibility demonstrated a U shape with an increase in referral rates. After testing five scenarios, we conclude that a 90% referral rate from the secondary hospitals to tertiary hospitals could be a trade-off when the government strikes a balance between equal chance of access to health services and high accessibility.
•The referral reform improved total accessibility of public hospitals in Beijing.•The referral reform aggravated the inequality of medical resource accessibility.•Healthcare accessibility demonstrated a U shape with an increase in referral rates.•A 90% referral rate could be a trade-off between equity and high accessibility.
The aim of this study is to examine the relationship between banking sector reform and bank performance – measured in terms of efficiency, total factor productivity growth and net interest margin – ...accounting for the effects through competition and bank risk-taking. To this end, we develop an empirical model of bank performance, which is consistently estimated using recent econometric techniques. The model is applied to bank panel data from ten newly acceded EU countries. The results indicate that both banking sector reform and competition exert a positive impact on bank efficiency, while the effect of reform on total factor productivity growth is significant only toward the end of the reform process. Finally, the effect of capital and credit risk on bank performance is in most cases negative, while it seems that higher liquid assets reduce the efficiency and productivity of banks.
We examine the impact of corporate board reforms on firm value in 41 countries. Using a difference-in-differences design, we find that board reforms increase firm value. Reforms involving board and ...audit committee independence, but not reforms involving separation of chairman and chief executive officer positions, drive the valuation increases. In addition, while comply-or-explain reforms result in a greater increase in firm value than rule-based reforms, the effects of reforms are similar across civil law and common law countries. Further investigation shows that the subsequent change in board independence plays an important role in explaining the effectiveness of the reforms.
This article provides a greater understanding of the service-oriented government (SOG) reforms that China carried out at the central level in 2008, 2013, and 2018. These reforms involved two common ...post-NPM structural measures - namely, super-ministries and cross-ministerial networks or leading groups. Using a mythical, an instrumental, and a cultural perspective, this article examines how SOG reforms were carried out and enquires into the relevance of "Chinese characteristics." Our analysis shows that China's SOG reforms represent quite a complex and hybrid pattern with a dual orientation of service value and coordination action. The CPC's leadership of government reform and major work in all areas are fundamental characteristics of China's socialist administrative system.
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