Liberalization in Turkish agriculture has been extended and accelerated in the last two decades. Neoliberal transformation in agriculture is reflected in rural households as poverty, and in the fight ...against poverty, households produce strategies for generating new income. This process resulted in the more frequent observation of the phenomenon defined as feminization in agriculture. Although the existing contribution of women in agricultural production has increased with the feminization process in agriculture, it is almost impossible to see women in official statistics and surveys. Gender-preconceived notions cause many of the data collected to be gender-blind. In this study, it was discussed whether there is feminization in agriculture through the Eastern Black Sea (TR 90) region, where there is active participation in the agricultural production of women. In TR 90 region, it has been determined that women are concentrated in non-agricultural jobs besides feminization in agriculture. However, in Turkey, inadequate representation of women in statistics and surveys hides existing gender inequalities. The production of sex-disaggregated data at the regional, household and individual levels is very important.
The study shows that the variability of field evaporation sums (Ev) calculated using the Ivanov formula from monthly series of air temperature and relative humidity from the IMWM-PIB ...Wrocław-Strachowice station relatively accurately reproduces the variability of the potential evaporation values measured in the Agro- and Hydrometeorology Wrocław-Swojec Observatory of the Wrocław University of Environmental and Life Sciences. The largest absolute errors in the estimated monthly Ev values are affected in the period from April to August (±11.7–14.8 mm), and the lowest from November to February (±4.8–10.6 mm). In the cool half-year (October–March), the Ev estimation gives “area-averaged” evaporation values close to reality with an error of about ±24–25 mm, and in the warm half-year (April–September) with an error of ±54–55 mm. In the case of estimated annual evaporation sums, Ivanov’s formula has an average error of about75 mm, which is about 10–12% of this value. The most important factor contributing to the differences between the observed Ev in Wrocław-Swojec and the estimated Ev in Wrocław-Strachowice are the differences in monthly values of relative humidity between these stations (up to 10%). The obtained results allow for the conclusion that the sums of evaporation calculated by Ivanov’s method, especially the annual sums, can be reliably used for various types of hydrological calculations, including the estimation of the climatic water balance in Poland.
This issue of SLAVICA SLOVACA is entirely dedicated to a critical edition and translation (from Latin to Slovak) of Matija Petar Katančić's work about the Hungarian people.
The article deals with the iconography of the Celtic coins which come from the South-Eastern Europe. Main attention is paid to the coins found in the Trans-Carpathian region of Ukraine. The aim of ...this article is to shed light on symbolism of the Celtic coins, in particular on a horse-rider figure on the reverse of these coins. Research methodology is based on the structuralist approach. The scientific novelty. The author shows how the imagery of the coins was connected to the Celtic religious beliefs and cults. The Celtic issues from the Trans-Carpathian region were derived chiefly from the coins of Philip II and Audoleon. A horse-rider image is present on almost all of the Celtic coins from the Trans-Carpathian area and nearby regions. While on most of coins the rider’s figure is highly schematized, some of them contain a detailed image of a female figure. There is no reason to suggest that the Celtic women used to lead their communities or were widely involved in the warfare as military leaders or individual fighters. At the same time, their significance in the religious and ideological spheres of warfare was great. One can assume that the horse-rider depicted on the Celtic coins was considered rather as an image of deity associated with war, fertility and horse-breeding. It is highly probable that this deity in fact was Epona or other related goddess. The coins were widely used in both trade and ritual practices. In particular, the Classical sources mention the Celtic ritual of devotion of coins to the goddess of hunting. The findings of coins with chop-marks, similar to those found in the Gallic and Gallo-Roman sanctuaries, should be mentioned in this context as well.
The Carpathian Basin (or Pannonian Basin) is the south-eastern part of Central Europe, its geopolitical place being defined by geography (it is placed between the Eastern Alps, the Dinaric Alps, and ...the Carpathian Mountains) and from historical point of view by the fact that its core region was ruled for many centuries by the Hungarian Kingdom and the Habsburg Monarchy, and the neighbouring states aimed to extend their territories in the basin reducing the central role of the basin from the margins. The changes of the spatial domination in the Carpathian Basin created several centre–periphery relations, which established, through a longue durée, specific social features in some border regions of the Carpathian Basin. This paper examines from the viewpoint of limology (border studies) three frontier regions of the basin, Spiš, Székely Land, and Banat, and investigates the historical process of the regional construction in order to ascertain what circumstances helped or blocked these periphery constructions.
This book presents an innovative African philosophical response to coloniality and the attendant epistemicide of Africa’s knowledge systems, drawing on Igbo thinking. This book argues that theorizing ...modernity requires a critical conversation between African and Western scholarship, in order to unpack its links with coloniality and the subjugation of Africa’s indigenous knowledges. In setting out this discussion, the book also connects with Latin American scholarship, demonstrating how the modern world is structured to marginalize and destroy knowledges from across the Global South. This book draws on Igbo epistemic resources of solidarity thinking, positioned in contrast to capitalist knowledge-patterns, thereby providing an important Africa-driven response to modernity and coloniality. This book concludes by arguing that the Igbo sense of solidarity is useful and relevant to modern contexts and thus constitutes a vital resource for a less disruptive, more balanced, and more wholesome modernity. At a time of considerable global crises, this book makes an important contribution to philosophy both within Africa and beyond.
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