This study explores the customer insights behind punishing/rewarding brands associated to a political ideology (BAPI) and extends theories of brand avoidance and political consumerism. Study 1 ...analyzes attitude toward BAPI through a qualitative study and in study 2 the relationship between identification, disidentification, moral avoidance, religiosity and willingness to punish/reward BAPI with the mediating role of attitude is tested via structural equation modeling. The findings reveal that consumers punish the brands they oppose politically, when there is no self-congruence and believe these brands distract the well-being of the society by polarizing and conservatizing it. Moreover, while religious commitment did not have any effect on attitude and willingness to punish/reward BAPI, the results confirm that consumers who attend religious services are found to have a tendency to punish BAPI. This is the first study intended to empirically test these relationships and understand the underlying reasons behind punishing and rewarding BAPI.
•Attitude toward BAPI does not mediate the relationship between religious commitment and willingness to punish/reward•Religious commitment does not have any effect on attitude and willingness to punish/reward BAPI•Consumers who regularly attend religious services are found to have a tendency to punish BAPI
Participation of individual workers (i.e., solvers) is critical to the viability and success of crowdsourcing platforms. Past literature indicates that gamification artifacts, by intriguing solvers’ ...intrinsic motivations, can encourage solvers’ participation in crowdsourcing. Nevertheless, little research has systemically theorized how intrinsic motivations mediate the relationship between gamification artifacts and crowdsourcing participation. Based on the motivational affordance perspective and related literature, this study theorizes gamification artifacts i.e., point rewarding and feedback giving, and identifies four intrinsic motivations (i.e., self-presentation, self-efficacy, social bonds, and playfulness) in the context of crowdsourcing. It then hypothesizes the mediating effects of the four intrinsic motivations on the relationships between the two gamification artifacts and crowdsourcing participation. It tests the model using survey data from 295 solvers in a large crowdsourcing platform. Results show that self-presentation, self-efficacy and playfulness positively mediates the impacts of two gamification artifacts on solvers’ participation. Theoretical contributions and practical implications are discussed.
•Conceptualize two gamification artefacts: point rewarding and feedback giving.•Identify four types of intrinsic motivations.•Theorize and empirically validate the mediating effects of intrinsic motivations.•Integrate motivational affordance perspective with the gamification literature.
Organizacijska se klima odnosi na doživljaj različitih, zaposlenicima relevantnih aspekata organizacijskog okruženja. Jedan je od njih i sustav nagrađivanja. U ovom se radu, upotrebom ...višedimenzionalnog skaliranja, analizira relativno značenje i položaj koji nagrađivanje zauzima u odnosu na viđenje drugih važnih faceta organizacijske klime. Analizirani su podaci prikupljeni na velikom uzorku organizacija različitih djelatnosti, a korišteni je upitnik mjerio percepciju dvanaest sadržajno različitih aspekata organizacijskog okruženja. Rezultati upućuju na semantičku sličnost nagrađivanja i drugih zaposlenicima bitnih organizacijskih sustava - napredovanja i informiranja, dok su percepcije stavova zaposlenika prema radu i organizaciji - odnos prema kvaliteti rada, motivacija i zaokupljenost, inovativnost i inicijativa te pripadnost organizaciji - relativno najudaljenije ovoj faceti klime. Nastoje se ponuditi različita teorijska objašnjenja mogućih interpretacija ukupne kognitivne mape organizacijskog konteksta, a raspravlja se i o praktičnim implikacijama dobivenih rezultata u području upravljanja i razvoja ljudskih potencijala. Ključne riječi: nagrađivanje, organizacijska klima, višedimenzionalno skaliranje
Considering a move into teaching is something that many veterinary nurses contemplate. However, a lack of understanding regarding what exactly the role entails may prevent them from taking it any ...further. This article will detail the journey of an RVN from practice to teaching and a subsequent managerial role within a large veterinary nursing teaching institution.
•Nine-month-olds have expect a bystander to punish to unfair distributors and reward fair distributors.•These results reveal early-emerging expectations about punshments and rewards in third-party ...contexts.•These findings are consistent with the view that the principle of fairness is an evolved adaptation.
Rewarding individuals who distribute resources fairly and punishing those who distribute resources unfairly may be very important actions for fostering cooperation. This study investigated whether 9-month-olds have some expectations concerning punishments and rewards that follow distributive actions. Infants were shown simple animations and were tested using the violation-of-expectation paradigm. In Experiment 1, we found that infants looked longer when they saw a bystander delivering a corporal punishment to a ‘fair distributor,' who distributed some windfall resources equally to the possible recipients, rather than to an ‘unfair distributor,' who distributed the resources unequally. This pattern of looking times was reversed when, in Experiment 2, punishments were replaced with rewards. These findings suggest an early emergence of expectations about punishing and rewarding actions in third-party contexts, and they help to evaluate competing claims about the origins of a sense of fairness.
•Evolutionary game theory and complex network theory are combined to investigate epidemic spreading.•A rewarding mechanism is introduced to enhance the strategy of self-isolation.•Larger network ...degree is conducive to the prevalence of self-isolation, thereby hindering epidemic spreading.
How to effectively control virus spreading remains an open challenging problem since the environments for virus propagation are complex and heterogeneous, and more importantly, the dynamics of virus spreading usually co-evolves with that of human beings' travelling behavior. Motivated by this, we combine evolutionary game theory and complex network theory to investigate the influence of the competition between different travelling strategies on virus propagation. Simulation results show that the strategy of self-isolation can substantially inhibit the spread of infectious diseases on complex social networks, and introducing rewarding mechanism would further enhance this effect. Moreover, counterintuitively, larger network degree is conducive to the prevalence of self-isolation, thereby hindering virus spreading. We hope our work can provide more insight into the effective control of virus propagation in the real world.
Rewarding cooperation is in many ways expected behaviour from social players. However, strategies that promote antisocial behaviour are also surprisingly common, not just in human societies, but also ...among eusocial insects and bacteria. Examples include sanctioning of individuals who behave prosocially, or rewarding of free-riders who do not contribute to collective enterprises. We therefore study the public goods game with antisocial and prosocial pool rewarding in order to determine the potential negative consequences on the effectiveness of positive incentives to promote cooperation. Contrary to a naive expectation, we show that the ability of defectors to distribute rewards to their like does not deter public cooperation as long as cooperators are able to do the same. Even in the presence of antisocial rewarding, the spatial selection for cooperation in evolutionary social dilemmas is enhanced. Since the administration of rewards to either strategy requires a considerable degree of aggregation, cooperators can enjoy the benefits of their prosocial contributions as well as the corresponding rewards. Defectors when aggregated, on the other hand, can enjoy antisocial rewards, but due to their lack of contributions to the public good they ultimately succumb to their inherent inability to secure a sustainable future. Strategies that facilitate the aggregation of akin players, even if they seek to promote antisocial behaviour, thus always enhance the long-term benefits of cooperation.
ABSTRACT
Specialized pollination systems frequently match a particular set of floral characteristics. Vincetoxicum spp. (Apocynaceae, Asclepiadoideae) have disk‐shaped flowers with open access to ...rewards and reproductive organs. Flowers with these traits are usually associated with generalized pollination. However, the highly modified androecium and gynoecium that characterize asclepiads are thought to be associated with specialized pollinators.
In V. sangyojarniae, we investigated floral biology, pollination, and the degree of pollinator specialization in two localities in Thailand. We examined floral traits that target legitimate pollinators.
Flowers of V. sangyojarniae opened only at night, emitted floral scents containing mainly (E)‐β‐ocimene, 1‐octen‐3‐ol, (E)‐4,8‐dimethyl‐1,3,7‐nonatriene (E‐DMNT) and N‐(3‐methylbutyl)acetamide, and provided sucrose‐dominated nectar openly to insect visitors. Assessment of pollinator effectiveness indicated that V. sangyojarniae is functionally specialized for pollination by cecidomyiid flies. Although various insects, particularly cockroaches, frequently visited flowers, they did not carry pollinaria.
Our results suggest that V. sangyojarniae attracts its fly pollinators by emitting floral volatiles bearing olfactory notes associated with the presence of fungi or, less likely, of prey captured by predatory arthropods (food sources of its pollinators) but offers a nectar reward upon insect arrival. Hence, there is a mismatch between the advertisement and the actual reward. Our results also suggest that the size of floral parts constitutes a mechanical filter where reciprocal fit between flower and insect structures ensures that only suitable pollinators can extract the pollinaria, a prerequisite for successful pollination.
Vincetoxicum sangyojarniae combines nectar reward with food deception to attract its pollinators and ensures successful pollination through reciprocal mechanical fit between plant reproductive organs and insect structures.
•Tourism management requires urgent measures for increasing sustainability.•We propose an asymmetric spatial game for tourists and stakeholders with migration.•Adaptive and fixed rewarding incentives ...to both populations are applied to the game.•In dense populations and low migration, the adaptive rewarding is the best option.•If density is low, rewarding must be focus on tourists instead of stakeholders.
Tourism is a growing sector worldwide, but many popular destinations are facing sustainability problems due to excessive tourist flows and inappropriate behavior. In these areas, there is an urgent need to apply mechanisms to stimulate sustainable practices. This paper studies the most efficient strategy to incentivize sustainable tourism by using an asymmetric evolutionary game. We analyze the application of rewarding policies to the asymmetric game where tourists and stakeholders interact in a spatial lattice, and where tourists can also migrate. The incentives of the rewarding policies have an economic budget which can be allocated to tourists, to stakeholders, or to both sub-populations. The results show that an adaptive rewarding strategy, where the incentive budget changes over time to one or the other sub-population, is more effective than simple rewarding strategies that are exclusively focused on one sub-population. However, when the population density in the game decreases, rewarding just tourists becomes the most effective strategy.
Pool-rewarding in N-person snowdrift game Li, Kun; Mao, Yizhou; Wei, Zhenlin ...
Chaos, solitons and fractals,
February 2021, 2021-02-00, Letnik:
143
Journal Article
Recenzirano
•Pool-rewarding is incorporated into N-person snowdrift game to reveal its influence on cooperation.•In well-mixed population, increasing rewarding synergy factor generates oscillating periodic ...phase.•In structured population, rewarders tend to dominate at moderate rewarding synergy factor for small cost.
We extend the N-person snowdrift game (NSG) to incorporate the effects of pool rewarding. An individual who chooses to reward pays a certain cost to provide additional benefits to cooperative behaviors. Thus, rewarding can be considered as a second-order altruistic behavior. But rewarders are actually indirectly protected by defectors as system dynamics evolves. Both the well-mixed version of NSG and the spatial game have been investigated. For well-mixed population, increasing the synergy factor of rewarding r2 facilitates the formation of an oscillating state, while the increment of NSG synergy factor r1 promotes the transition from the stable closed orbit to a fixed state of the system. For structured population, dynamic diversity is dramatically enriched. Especially, the existence of rewarders makes “cooperation monopolization”(the domination of cooperators or rewarders) emerge under feasible parameters. Moreover, for small reward cost, the system dynamics can converge to the absorbing state of rewarding even when the r2 value is low. Larger reward cost, however, is not conducive to the prevalence of rewarding, but dramatically promotes second-order free-riding. Based on this study, we hope to provide guidance for the future research of positive incentives in NSG.
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