The radiation-induced bystander effect (RIBE) is the initiation of biological end points in cells (bystander cells) that are not directly traversed by an incident-radiation track, but are in close ...proximity to cells that are receiving the radiation. RIBE has been indicted of causing DNA damage via oxidative stress, besides causing direct damage, inducing tumorigenesis, producing micronuclei, and causing apoptosis. RIBE is regulated by signaling proteins that are either endogenous or secreted by cells as a means of communication between cells, and can activate intracellular or intercellular oxidative metabolism that can further trigger signaling pathways of inflammation. Bystander signals can pass through gap junctions in attached cell lines, while the suspended cell lines transmit these signals via hormones and soluble proteins. This review provides the background information on how reactive oxygen species (ROS) act as bystander signals. Although ROS have a very short half-life and have a nanometer-scale sphere of influence, the wide variety of ROS produced via various sources can exert a cumulative effect, not only in forming DNA adducts but also setting up signaling pathways of inflammation, apoptosis, cell-cycle arrest, aging, and even tumorigenesis. This review outlines the sources of the bystander effect linked to ROS in a cell, and provides methods of investigation for researchers who would like to pursue this field of science.
Radiation by-radiation effect (RIBE) can induce the genomic instability of bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells (BMSCs) adjacent to lung cancer, and this effect not only exists in the short-term, but ...also accompanies it in the long-term, but its specific mechanism is not clear. Our goal is to explore the similarities and differences in the mechanism of genomic damage in tumor-associated BMSCs induced by short-term and long-term RIBE, and to provide a theoretical basis for adjuvant drugs for protection against RIBE at different clinical time periods.
We found that both short- and long-term RIBE induced genomic instability. We could show a high expression of TGF-β1, TNF-α, and HIF-1α in tumor-associated BMSCs after short-term RIBE whereas only TNF-α and HIF-1α expression was increased in long-term RIBE. We further confirmed that genomic instability is associated with the activation of the HIF-1α pathway and that this is mediated by TNF-α and TGF-β1. In addition, we found differences in the mechanisms of genomic instability in the considered RIBE windows of analysis. In short-term RIBE, both TNF-α and TGF-β1 play a role, whereas only TNF-α plays a decisive role in long-term RIBE. In addition, there were differences in BMSC recruitment and genomic instability of different tissues with a more pronounced expression in tumor and bone marrow than compared to lung.
We could show dynamic changes in the expression of the cytokines TGF-β1 and TNF-α during short- and long-term RIBE. The differential expression of the two is the key to causing the genomic damage of tumor-associated BMSCs in the considered windows of analysis. Therefore, these results may serve as a guideline for the administration of radiation protection adjuvant drugs at different clinical stages.
38, 747-767.
It is well established that cells, tissues, and organisms exposed to low doses of ionizing radiation can induce effects in non-irradiated neighbors (non-targeted effects or NTE), but the mechanisms ...remain unclear. This is especially true of the initial steps leading to the release of signaling molecules contained in exosomes. Voltage-gated ion channels, photon emissions, and calcium fluxes are all involved but the precise sequence of events is not yet known. We identified what may be a quantum entanglement type of effect and this prompted us to consider whether aspects of quantum biology such as tunneling and entanglement may underlie the initial events leading to NTE. We review the field where it may be relevant to ionizing radiation processes. These include NTE, low-dose hyper-radiosensitivity, hormesis, and the adaptive response. Finally, we present a possible quantum biological-based model for NTE.
Sitna riba od ekonomske vrijednosti u jezeru Eğirdir, četvrtom po veličini u Turskoj, ubija se električnim vodenim pumpama koje se koriste za navodnjavanje i vodu za piće. U ovom je radu konstruirana ...električna barijera koja ribu drži dalje od crpilišta električnih vodenih pumpi. Rezultati su provjeravani u laboratorijskim uvjetima. Svaki je eksperiment ponovljen tri puta s 30 riba (odnosno, ukupan broj riba za svaki eksperiment bio je 90). Rezultati su se provjeravali analizom varijance (ANOVA) uz primjenu SPSS programa. Eksperimentalni rezultati su pokazali da se vrijednost 50 V/10 Hz ne može koristiti zbog negativnih učinaka. Kao barijera za ribu odgovarajuće vrijednosti su 20 V/10 Hz i 35 V/10 Hz.
Mitochondrial antiviral signaling (MAVS) protein, located in the mitochondrial out-membrane, is necessary for IFN-beta induction and IFN-stimulated gene expression in response to external stress such ...as viral invasion and ionizing radiation (IR). Although the involvement of radiation induced bystander effect (RIBE) has been investigated for decades for secondary cancer risk related to radiotherapy, the underlying regulatory mechanisms remain largely unclear, especially the roles played by the immune factors such as MAVS.
MAVS gene knockout cells using CRISPR/Cas9 technology were used as donor cells or recipient cells to assess the role of MAVS in RIBE by means of co-cultured system. The micronucleus and γH2AX foci in the recipient cells were counted to demonstrate the degree of RIBE. The reactive oxygen species (ROS) level in the recipient was measured using the fluorescent dye 2′7′-dichlorofluorescein.
Firstly, we found that MAVS expression level was different in A549, BEAS-2B, U937 and HepG2 cells. Cell co-culture experiments showed that MAVS participate in RIBE. Interestingly, the RIBE response was more significant in recipient cells with higher level of MAVS (i.e. A549) than that in recipient cells showing lower level of MAVS (i.e. BEAS-2B). Further, the bystander response was dramatically suppressed in MAVS-silenced A549 and BEAS-2B recipient cells. MAVS-silenced recipient cells exhibited lower level of ROS induced by IR.
Our results indicated that the innate immune signaling molecule MAVS in recipient cells participate in RIBE. ROS is an important factor in RIBE via MAVS pathway and MAVS may be a potential target for the precise radiotherapy and radioprotection.
Along with the cells that are exposed to radiation, non-irradiated cells can unveil radiation effects as a result of intercellular communication, which are collectively defined as radiation induced ...bystander effects (RIBE). Exosome-mediated signalling is one of the core mechanisms responsible for multidirectional communication of tumor cells and their associated microenvironment, which may result in enhancement of malignant tumor phenotypes. Recent studies show that exosomes and exosome-mediated signalling also play a dynamic role in RIBE in cancer cell lines, many of which focused on altered exosome cargo or their effects on DNA damage. However, there is a lack of knowledge regarding how these changes in exosome cargo are reflected in other functional characteristics of cancer cells from the aspects of invasiveness and metastasis. Therefore, in the current study, we aimed to investigate exosome-mediated bystander effects of 2 Gy X-ray therapeutic dose of ionizing radiation on the invasive potential of MCF-7 breast cancer cells in vitro via assessing Matrigel invasion potential, epithelial mesenchymal transition (EMT) characteristics and the extent of glycosylation, as well as underlying plausible molecular mechanisms. The findings show that exosomes derived from irradiated MCF-7 cells enhance invasiveness of bystander MCF-7 cells, possibly through altered miRNA and protein content carried in exosomes.
•Spatially Fractionated Radiation Therapy (SFRT)•Microvascular alterations:•‘RadScopal’ effect.•microbeam irradiation and showed significant abscopal effects in their bladders.•Radiation-Induced ...Bystander Effect (RIBE)
Spatially Fractionated Radiation Therapy (SFRT) is a form of radiotherapy that delivers a single large dose of radiation within the target volume in a heterogeneous pattern with regions of peak dosage and regions of under dosage. SFRT types can be defined by how the heterogeneous pattern of radiation is obtained. Immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs) have been approved for various malignant tumors and are widely used to treat patients with metastatic cancer. The efficacy of ICI monotherapy is limited due to the “cold” tumor microenvironment. Fractionated radiotherapy can achieve higher doses per fraction to the target tumor, and induce immune activation (immodulate tumor immunogenicity and microenvironment). Therefore, coupling ICI therapy and fractionated radiation therapy could significantly improve the outcome of metastatic cancer. This review focuses on both preclinical and clinical studies that use a combination of radiotherapy and ICI therapy in cancer.
Recently, new augmented recording techniques have entered archaeological fieldwork. We review a major urban excavation in Ribe, Denmark, which has adopted a systematic use of 3D laser scanning and ...intensive soil and sediment micromorphological sampling as part of the excavation recording practice. Both methods represent a major advance in field documentation, achieving a higher degree of detail and precision for the recording of archaeological features. We aigue that these technologies also challenge the current paradigm of single-context recording, i.e. the separation of layers and features as all-encompassing units of recording. First, 3D digital recording implies that contexts are defined in a more definite way than previously, with less flexibility for recursive revision. Second, micromorphology demonstrates how the strata separated in excavation are only a subset of those created in deposition. We call for a new approach, which takes into consideration the fact that excavation units do not always mirror depositional events, as assumed by single-context theory, and that different kinds of observations may not overlap, as assumed in singlecontext practice. Instead, interfaces, matrices and assemblages are restored as separate units to record and feed into the interpretation cycle. This may be described as recording metacontext: observations that go across or between contexts. We demonstrate how a systematic metacontext registration can lead to a manageable and more detailed excavation record, more faithful to the archaeologists' observations.
This study investigated whether exosomal microRNA-7 (miR-7) mediates lung bystander autophagy after focal brain irradiation in mice. After 10 Gy or sham irradiation of mice brains, lung tissues were ...extracted for the detection of autophagy markers by immunohistochemistry, western blotting, and quantitative real-time reverse transcription PCR (qRT-PCR), meanwhile the brains were dissociated, the neuron/astrocyte/microglia/oligodendrocyte were isolated, and the miR-7 expression in each population were detected, respectively. A dual-luciferase reporter assay was developed to identify whether
is a target gene of miR-7. After 10 Gy or sham irradiation of astrocytes, exosomes were extracted, stained with Dil (1,1'-Dioctadecyl-3,3,3',3'-Tetramethylindocarbocyanine Perchlorate), and added into non-irradiated astrocytes. Meanwhile, Dil-stained exosomes released from 10 Gy or sham irradiated astrocytes were injected into LC3B-GFP mice via the tail vein. Lung tissues were then extracted for western blotting and qRT-PCR. Irradiation of mouse brains increased the LC3B-II/I ratio, Beclin-1 and miR-7 levels, while decreased the Bcl-2 level in non-irradiated lung tissue. Interestingly, brain irradiation remarkably increased the miR-7 expression in astrocyte and oligodendrocyte. MiR-7 significantly inhibited the luciferase activity of the wild-type
-3'-untranslated regions (UTR) reporter vector, but not that of the
-3'-UTR mutant vector, indicating that
is directly targeted by miR-7. In
study, the addition of irradiated astrocyte-secreted exosomes increased the LC3B-II/I ratio, Beclin-1 and miR-7 levels, while decreased the Bcl-2 level in non-irradiated astrocytes. Further, the injection of irradiated astrocyte-secreted exosomes through the tail vein increased the lung LC3B-II/I ratio, Beclin-1 and miR-7 level, but decreased the Bcl-2 level
. We concluded that exosomal miR-7 targets
to mediate distant bystander autophagy in the lungs after brain irradiation.
Though the signaling events involved in radiation induced bystander effects (RIBE) have been investigated both
and
, the spatial function of these communications, especially the related signaling ...pathways, is not fully elucidated. In the current study, significant increases of DNA damage were clearly observed in
germline upon irradiation to both intra-system of posterior pharynx and inter-system of vulva, in which more severe damage, even to F1 generation worms, was shown for vulva irradiation. Spatial function assay indicated the DDR key components of
were indispensable in germ cells for both sites irradiation, while those components in somatic cells were either not (
) or partially (
) required to promote apoptosis. Moreover, production of reactive oxygen species (ROS) indicated by the superoxide dismutase expression and the unfolded protein response of the mitochondria was found systemically involved in the initiation of these processes for both two site irradiation. These results will give a better understanding of the RIBE mechanisms
, and invaluable to assess the clinical relevance to radiotherapy.
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