Abstract
Indigenous tribes of the interior Columbia River have developed a mutual relationship with native fishes since time immemorial. However, extensive disruption to the natural ecosystem has ...occurred as European settlement of North America extended westward to utilize abundant natural resources in ways that conflicted with millennia of indigenous protection. This anthropogenic disturbance has led to dramatic declines in native fish species that are central to tribal cultures, but efforts are underway to enable these fishes and the people that rely upon them to persist for future generations. Here, we describe how pairing indigenous knowledge and western science have been applied to assist with fisheries recovery in the Columbia River. Parallel understanding of information passed across generations is central to this effort, from tribal elders with their historical grasp of the natural ecosystem and fisheries, to molecular genetic approaches that track DNA that is passed from parents to offspring and subsequent generations. Examples are provided that illustrate how both indigenous knowledge and genetic tools have been applied to support fisheries recovery in the Columbia River Basin.
Sahaptin (Ičɨškíinki)
This writing is in the native Sahaptin Language
(Ičɨškíinki)
so you the Salmon People will know what is written. Sahaptin is a shared language among the Columbia River Treaty Tribes. Translation was provided by Fred Hill, tribal member of the Confederated Tribe of the Umatilla Indian Reservation.
Čí Tímat iwá Ičɨškíinki, ku imáy Waykanšłáma pam ášukʷata anatún iwá tímani. Míimi, anakú iwačá, Nusuxyáy išápatutiya wat̓ičɨn Aniłaanmíyaw, ku isíniwiya, iˀáwɨna, ínaš áwapatatta Natítaytma anamún úyt pa wíyanawita íčɨn čná tičámpa. Ku kúšxi pamáyxi papánaknuwitaaš inmína Wáwnakšaš, Tamná ku Wak̓íšwit. Čí iwá Tamáanwitki ku Čínči łk̓ʷíkni aykúš iwáta. Áypam áw šúqʷaša čí múł walcáycas tamnanáxtna ana mišní náamɨn Natítaytma nawá čná tičámpa číˀaw kúuk. Yáanwa Natítaytma, nč̓í wánakni pawačá šapášuqʷani, pawá Waykánašpamłaamɨn, ku túnx núsux waníči pa naknuwíya tanánma. Awkú míimi anamún šuyápuma pa wíyanawiya čná tičámpa, áw ƛáwx tún pašapátunxwiya, pawíwɨnpɨn tičám ƛáwx máan ku pa wítmiwna papák̓ɨnkta nč̓í wánana pák̓ɨnktpamaki, ániyaytaš xtúwit láxayxitpamayaw ƛáawx máan tičámpa. Anakú mún pa pátukaya łak kutkutpama ƛáawx máan, páyu pašapátatiiya nč̓í wánana anatún mɨláa pa áˀk̓aatɨnxana nč̓í wánapa. Ku kúšxi palaláay núsux paklíwiya kʷanáa ay sapaxaluut̓áwaski. Ku múłsim taš nawačá núsux nč̓í wánapa aymún. Anamún papátukɨn nč̓í pák̓ɨnktpama nč̓í wánapa, awkú čawtáy áwača tunínitaš waykáanašna šapáˀituxt áyataš. k̓ʷáyxʷɨšt wíwača úyt anamún palaláay šuyapuma pa táwyanayka ƛáawx máan nč̓í wanapáynpa. Awkú waykánaš pawá natitaytmí áwtni tqʷátat, ku aykúš iwá áxway čiˀaw kúuk. Awkú číˀaw kúuk áwa łakníin šapátkutkut šapáˀituxtaš wakáanašna namí wána ku wálapa. Iwá ƛáawxmamí ku miyanašmíyay. Awkú napuˀin Tanán ku šuyápuma napáwiyalaxsimiša šapášuk̓ʷatna áwapaatatˀay wakánašna. Ku ƛáawx tún waykanašmí wiyáxayxtna, pa ítitamayša, anakuˀúš pa táaˀanxa DNA‐ki. Awpa aˀšuk̓ʷaša nusuxmí ttáwaxt atwanatas ̌ku kúšxi panmiin spáytit DNA‐ki. Awkú namí nč̓íˀnč̓imaamɨn míimi pašúkwana šapánaknuwit waykáanaš ku k̓súyasna, Awkú čikúuk šapásukʷatki pa kútkutnayša núsux ku k̓asúyas šapáˀituxtaš. Ku čí ititámat kutkut iˀísiqʷaša anamayní CRITFC ku Nč̓í Wanałáma Tanáma pa kútkutnayša.
Abstract
Decreases in shallow-water habitat area (SWHA) in the Lower Columbia River and Estuary (LCRE) have adversely affected salmonid populations. We investigate the causes by hindcasting SWHA from ...1928 to 2004, system-wide, based on daily higher high water (HHW) and system hypsometry. Physics-based regression models are used to represent HHW along the system as a function of river inflow, tides, and coastal processes, and hypsometry is used to estimate the associated SWHA. Scenario modeling is employed to attribute SWHA losses to levees, flow regulation, diversion, navigational development, and climate-induced hydrologic change, for subsidence scenarios of up to 2 m, and for 0.5 m fill. For zero subsidence, the system-wide annual-average loss of SWHA is 55 ± 5%, or 51 × 10
5
ha/year; levees have caused the largest decrease (
$${54}_{-14}^{+5}$$
54
-
14
+
5
%, or ~ 50 × 10
5
ha/year). The loss in SWHA due to operation of the hydropower system is small, but spatially and seasonally variable. During the spring freshet critical to juvenile salmonids, the total SWHA loss was
$${63}_{-3}^{+2}$$
63
-
3
+
2
%, with the hydropower system causing losses of 5–16% (depending on subsidence). Climate change and navigation have caused SWHA losses of
$${5}_{-5}^{+16}$$
5
-
5
+
16
% and
$${4}_{-6}^{+14}$$
4
-
6
+
14
%, respectively, but with high spatial variability; irrigation impacts have been small. Uncertain subsidence causes most of the uncertainty in estimates; the sum of the individual factors exceeds the total loss, because factors interact. Any factor that reduces mean or peak flows (reservoirs, diversion, and climate change) or alters tides and along-channel slope (navigation) becomes more impactful as assumed historical elevations are increased to account for subsidence, while levees matter less.
Salmonids are the third major farmed finfish species after carps and tilapines, and thus contribute to global food fish production. However, as the aquaculture industry continues to grow, several ...challenges have emerged. Left unchecked, current problems will hinder aquaculture development. Metabolomics is one of the powerful biotechnological tools that will contribute to solving some of the pressing problems. This review aims to summarise findings and identify gaps from studies that used metabolomics in farmed salmon research. We extracted methodological information for comparison, highlighted analytical platform usages and identified most studied salmonids and sample types. We reviewed key articles to highlight the latest research themes. From the identified research gaps, future perspectives regarding potential use of metabolomics to solve issues in ecotoxicology, thermotolerance, nutrition, post‐harvest quality, health and disease, and husbandry practices are provided. The survey also highlighted improvements in execution of metabolomics protocols in aquaculture.
Yersinia ruckeri—A threat not only to rainbow trout Pajdak‐Czaus, Joanna; Platt‐Samoraj, Aleksandra; Szweda, Wojciech ...
Aquaculture research,
November 2019, 2019-11-00, 20191101, Letnik:
50, Številka:
11
Journal Article
Recenzirano
Odprti dostop
Yersinia ruckeri (Y. ruckeri) can cause mortalities that are contributing to substantial economic losses in the rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) aquaculture sector. Because of its most ...characteristic clinical signs, the disease in rainbow trout caused by this pathogen is called enteric redmouth disease. Although it is considered to affect mainly salmonids, there are reports in the available literature of isolating this bacterium from other fish species, both clinically healthy and diseased. The aim of this study was to analyse the available data concerning yersiniosis in non‐salmonid fish. The analysed data indicate that Y. ruckeri is a threat not only to rainbow trout. Some of the affected species have high commercial importance and mortalities may contribute to high economic losses. The disease symptoms may not be specific and can be different from those characteristic for enteric redmouth in trout, which may lead to misdiagnosis. Collected information indicates that infection with Y. ruckeri should be taken into account in the diagnostic procedures not only in salmonids.
The identification of different fish species by molecular methods has become necessary to avoid both the incorrect labelling of individuals involved in repopulation programmes and the commercial ...frauds on the fish market. Different fish species of great economical importance, like the salmonids, which are very much requested for their meat, can be identified using molecular techniques such as PCR-RFLP. The method is based on the amplification of a target region from the genome by PCR reaction followed by endonucleases digestion to detect the polymorphism of restriction fragments. In our study we analysed the following salmonid species from Romania: Salmo trutta fario, Salmo labrax, Salvelinus fontinalis, Onchorhynchus mykiss, Thymallus thymallus and Hucho hucho. In order to discriminate between the analysed species we amplified a fragment of mitochondrial genome comprising tRNAGlu/ cytochrome b/ tRNAThr/ tRNAPro/ D-loop/ tRNAPhe, followed by digestion with a specific restriction enzyme. The direct digestion of unpurified PCR products generated species-specific restriction patterns and proved to be a simple, reliable, inexpensive and fast method. Thus, it may be successfully utilized in specialized laboratories for the correct identification of the fish species for multiple purposes, including the traceability of fish food products.
The Salmonidae fish family is well represented in Romanian fauna, with a total of six species in the wild and reared in fish farms. Among them, the brown trout (Salmo trutta fario) can be found in ...all major Romanian river basins. However, anthropogenic activities might disrupt salmonids’ habitats, so that inbreeding and genetic isolation might easily occur in the wild populations. We analyzed two wild brown trout populations from rivers targeted by anthropogenic activities, by using nuclear markers and genotyping in order to observe their genetic structure. We analyzed nine microsatellites and we observed their alleles frequencies, number of private alleles, observed and expected heterozygosity, as well as their population structure. The two populations are not in Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium for most of the loci and the inbreeding coefficient for both populations suggests a heterozygote deficit. Further sequencing data are needed in order to have a better view upon their complete genetic structure
Understanding the genetic basis of repeated evolution of the same phenotype across taxa is a fundamental aim in evolutionary biology and has applications in conservation and management. However, the ...extent to which interspecific life‐history trait polymorphisms share evolutionary pathways remains underexplored. Here, we address this gap by studying the genetic basis of a key life‐history trait, age at maturity, in four species of Pacific salmonids (genus Oncorhynchus) that exhibit intra‐ and interspecific variation in this trait—Chinook Salmon, Coho Salmon, Sockeye Salmon, and Steelhead Trout. We tested for associations in all four species between age at maturity and two genome regions, six6 and vgll3, that are strongly associated with the same trait in Atlantic Salmon (Salmo salar). We also conducted a genome‐wide association analysis in Steelhead to assess whether additional regions were associated with this trait. We found the genetic basis of age at maturity to be heterogeneous across salmonid species. Significant associations between six6 and age at maturity were observed in two of the four species, Sockeye and Steelhead, with the association in Steelhead being particularly strong in both sexes (p = 4.46 × 10−9 after adjusting for genomic inflation). However, no significant associations were detected between age at maturity and the vgll3 genome region in any of the species, despite its strong association with the same trait in Atlantic Salmon. We discuss possible explanations for the heterogeneous nature of the genetic architecture of this key life‐history trait, as well as the implications of our findings for conservation and management.
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