The new version includes all figures in the correct order and addresses the figure issues noted in the previous Formal Correction. Originally published, uncorrected article. ...https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0093244.s001 (PDF) File S2.
Mineral scaling is one of the primary factors that constrain the performance of membrane desalination. However, compared to numerous studies on organic and biological fouling, less effort has been ...invested in understanding the mechanisms of mineral scaling. Although anti-fouling membranes have been successfully fabricated to mitigate organic and biological fouling, little progress has been made on the design and fabrication of scaling-resistant membranes. In this review, we discuss the occurrence and consequences of mineral scaling in different membrane desalination processes, and emphasize the complex nature of membrane scaling regulated by feedwater chemistry. We describe established theories associated with mineral scaling, and highlight the knowledge and technology advances in the field of biomineralization that demonstrates the important role of surface chemistry in controlling mineral formation. Current strategies of scaling mitigation are predominantly independent of membrane materials, while the feasibility of developing scaling-resistant membranes has been indicated but not fully achieved in the literature. Accordingly, potential design strategies and challenges associated with the development of novel membrane materials with improved scaling resistance are discussed, and future research needs are proposed.
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•Membrane scaling varies according to feedwater chemistry and desalination technologies.•Surface chemistry regulates mineral formation in biomineralization.•Current strategies of scaling control are dominantly independent of membrane materials.•Membrane scaling can be altered via tuning membrane surface chemistry or topology.•The design of scaling-resistant membrane is challenging due to the complexity of scaling.
This open access textbook offers a practical guide into research ethics for undergraduate students in the social sciences. A step-by-step approach of the most viable issues, in-depth discussions of ...case histories and a variety of didactical tools will aid the student to grasp the issues at hand and help him or her develop strategies to deal with them. This book addresses problems and questions that any bachelor student in the social sciences should be aware of, including plagiarism, data fabrication and other types of fraud, data augmentation, various forms of research bias, but also peer pressure, issues with confidentiality and questions regarding conflicts of interest. Cheating, ‘free riding’, and broader issues that relate to the place of the social sciences in society are also included. The book concludes with a step-by-step approach designed to coach a student through a research application process.
Edible food packaging, produced from edible polymers, is a kind of packaging suitable for human consumption along with the contained food. Despite many advantages, the edible films are still produced ...in laboratory scale due to problems, such as lack of poor elongation, safety and health issues, high cost, processing difficulties, etc. It is essential to overcome these difficulties for scaling up the production to industrial scale and making the edible films commercially successful.
Even though some reviews on edible films and coatings have little discussed, there is no dedicated article on scaling up difficulties and commercial aspects of edible films. This article reviews the research progress, confronting problems, and research opportunities ahead for the industrial scaling up and commercial success for edible films in food packaging.
Incorporation of plasticizer, production of multilayers, composites, and nanocomposite films improved the properties significantly, but some fundamental research on the key factors are still not investigated. Current laboratory scale production of edible films has problems like inability to make continuous films, long drying time and inaccurate thickness control, which must be addressed before the industrial scaling up production. Lack of evidence on edibility, biodegradability, toxicological and health effects, inadequate marketing, lack of awareness, cultural issues, can affect the food safety and customer acceptance. Future research must address all these problems from the view of industrial scaling up and commercial aspects in order to make the industrially viable and commercially successful edible films.
•Composite films are stronger and effective than neat and multi-layer edible films.•Continuous film forming and fast drying are essential for industrial scale-up.•Nanotechnology offers competitive film properties but needs more research.•Lack of biodegradability and edibility tests questions film consumer's safety.•Marketing strategies and low cost production increase consumer acceptance.
•A review of the management literature identifies four different uses of “scaling”.•Research distinguishes between market, volume, financial, organizational scaling.•We develop an inclusive ...definition of scaling.•We propose measures to assess the scaling performance of organizations.•We propose avenues for future research on scaling.
Scaling has recently found its way into the academic discourse. However, the term has been used inconsistently and mixed up with other terms such as growth. To overcome these impediments to knowledge accumulation, we review the literature, identifying four broad applications of the scaling concept: market scaling, volume scaling, financial scaling, and organizational scaling. Building on their commonalities and setting scaling apart from growth, we develop an inclusive definition of scaling: Scaling describes an increase in the size of a focal subject that is accompanied by a larger-than-proportional increase in the performance resulting from the said subject. We further propose a set of measures that makes it possible to compare the scaling performance of organizations and track their scaling performance over time. Based on our insights as well as a list of “hot topics” in the management literature, we conclude by identifying promising areas for further research.
Most of the planet’s population currently lives in urban areas, and urban land expansion is one of the most dramatic forms of land conversion. Understanding how cities evolve temporally, spatially, ...and organizationally in a rapidly urbanizing world is critical for sustainable development. However, few studies have examined the coevolution of urban attributes in time and space simultaneously and the adequacy of power law scaling across cities and through time, particularly in countries that have experienced abrupt, widespread, political and economic changes. Here, we show the temporal coevolution of multiple physical, demographic, socioeconomic, and environmental attributes in individual cities, and the cross-city scaling of urban attributes at six time points (i.e., 1978, 1990, 1995, 2000, 2005, and 2010) in 32 major Chinese cities. We found that power law scaling could adequately characterize both the cross-city scaling of urban attributes across cities and the longitudinal scaling describing the temporal coevolution of urban attributes within individual cities. The cross-city scaling properties demonstrated substantial changes over time signifying evolved social and economic forces. A key finding was that the cross-city linear or superlinear scaling of urban area with population contradicts the theoretical sublinear power law scaling proposed between infrastructure and population. Furthermore, the cross-city scaling between area and population transitioned from linear to superlinear over time, and the superlinear scaling in recent times suggests decreased infrastructure efficiency. Our results demonstrate a diseconomy of scale in urban areal expansion that indicates a significant waste of land resources in the urbanization process. Future planning efforts should focus on policies that increase urban land use efficiency before continuing expansion.
Testing the ν max scaling relation Coelho, H. R.; Chaplin, W. J.; Basu, S. ...
EPJ Web of Conferences,
01/2015, Letnik:
101
Journal Article, Conference Proceeding
Recenzirano
Odprti dostop
Two key global seismic quantities are relevant to estimate the fundamental properties of a star: the frequency of maximum power (νmax) and the large frequency separation (Δν). The focus of this work ...is to test the νmax scaling relation in order to ascertain it’s level of accuracy. Here we report our results using artificial data and real Kepler data, based on a grid-modelling approach.
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