In the introductory part of the paper, we outline the conceptual framework of research with an emphasis on the concept of discontinuity in scientific thought and its reception in geography. ...Subsequently, we define our understanding of discontinuity and define first-order discontinuities and second-order discontinuities in the world geographical thought. In the next part of the paper we will focus on the primary reception of these discontinuities in Slovakia. These are the first responses and applications of new paradigmatic approaches imported from the world geography into the geographical thought of Slovak geographers. This research effort is situated in the broader context of the research of convergent and divergent features of "domestic" discontinuities in confrontation with the discontinuities identified in the development of geographical thought in the world. The aim is to point out which discontinuities identified in world geographical thought have been reflected in Slovakia and which have not yet been reflected. Paper is focused on the primary reception of world geographical thought in the geographical literature of Slovak provenance.
This entry offers a history of the different ways in which the formal study of the natural world has been related to theological considerations in the Western Christian tradition. Because what counts ...as science and what counts as theology has changed over time, it begins with a history of the concepts ‘theology’ and ‘science’ and the bearing of these conceptual shifts on their relationship. This is followed by a general account of the kinds of relations obtained between science and theology in different periods from antiquity to the present. A final section deals with three recurring issues that also exemplify some general principles.
The rapid progress of AI impacts various areas of life, including toxicology, and promises a major role for AI in future risk assessments. Toxicology has shifted from a purely empirical science ...focused on observing chemical exposure outcomes to a data-rich field ripe for AI integration. AI methods are well-suited to handling and integrating large, diverse data volumes - a key challenge in modern toxicology. Additionally, AI enables Predictive Toxicology, as demonstrated by the automated read-across tool RASAR that achieved 87% balanced accuracy across nine OECD tests and 190,000 chemicals, outperforming animal test reproducibility. AI’s ability to handle big data and provide probabilistic outputs facilitates probabilistic risk assessment. Rather than just replicating human skills at larger scales, AI should be viewed as a transformative technology. Despite potential challenges, like model black-boxing and dataset biases, explainable AI (xAI) is emerging to address these issues.
Abstract The analysis of co-citations, which occurs when two publications or authors are mentioned together in the same text, has long been established as a practice within scientometrics, ...particularly in the field of “science mapping”. However, historiography has shown less openness to utilizing co-citation analysis for distant reading purposes. To address this gap, this article presents a comprehensive methodology for applying co-citation analysis to extensive collections of historical documents, specifically 17th-century letters indexed in the ePistolarium database. In science mapping, co-citation serves as an indicator for tracking the development of scientific fields. Similarly, I employ co-citation to map the Dutch socio-intellectual landscape during the Scientific Revolution period (1623–87) and evaluate the strengths and limitations of this approach.
The explosion of online knowledge has made knowledge, paradoxically, difficult to find. A web or journal search might retrieve thousands of articles, ranked in a manner that is biased by, for ...example, popularity or eigenvalue centrality rather than by informed relevance to the complex query. With hundreds of thousands of articles published each year, the dense, tangled thicket of knowledge grows even more entwined. Although natural language processing and new methods of generating knowledge graphs can extract increasingly high-level interpretations from research articles, the results are inevitably biased toward recent, popular, and/or prestigious sources. This is a result of the inherent nature of human social-learning processes. To preserve and even rediscover lost scientific ideas, we employ the theory that scientific progress is punctuated by means of inspired, revolutionary ideas at the origin of new paradigms. Using a brief case example, we suggest how phylogenetic inference might be used to rediscover potentially useful lost discoveries, as a way in which machines could help drive revolutionary science.
RESUMEN:
La Revolución Científica trajo consigo, entre otras cosas, la definitiva constatación del modelo heliocéntrico del universo, gracias a los nuevos descubrimientos astronómicos, propiciados, a ...su vez, por un nuevo instrumental óptico. En este trabajo estudiaremos algunas de las consecuencias de estos nuevos descubrimientos en la obra de Francisco de Quevedo, partiendo de la ideología barroca propia de obra y autor. Nos ocuparemos de tres cuestiones básicas y de las razones de aparición de las mismas: la pervivencia en Quevedo de una concepción geocéntrica del universo, a pesar de estar presumiblemente al tanto del nuevo modelo heliocéntrico; el uso de dos pasajes bíblicos de protagonismo solar procedentes de El libro de Josué y el Segundo libro de los Reyes; y el juicio quevediano sobre los nuevos instrumentos ópticos que permitieron descubrir la naturaleza heliocéntrica del universo.
ABSTRACT: The Scientific Revolution brought with it, among other things, the definitive verification of the heliocentric model of the universe. It was due to new astronomical discoveries, promoted, in turn, by new optical instruments. This work pretends to study some of the consequences of these new discoveries in the work of Francisco de Quevedo. For this it will be analysed the baroque ideology that characterizes both, writer and work. We will discuss three basic questions and the reasons for their appearance: Quevedo's persistence of a geocentric conception of the universe, despite he was presumably aware of the new heliocentric model; the use of two biblical passages of solar prominence from The Book of Joshua and the Second Book of Kings; and the quevedesque opinion about the new optical instruments that made it possible to discover the heliocentric nature of the universe.
The marginalization of astrology – the protracted process by which a rich scholarly field and a highly skilled trade migrated into the margins of European culture – is coming to be recognized as one ...of the most fundamental transformations in the transition from the pre-modern to the modern world. Long assumed to be a casualty of the ‘scientific revolution’ and ‘Enlightenment’, since the 1970s historians have questioned the power of intellectual developments to carry the weight of this major shift, and have constructed alternative social, political, and cultural narratives. However, in the last fifteen years, the field has been making a (re-)turn to intellectual history, albeit in innovative ways. This critical historiographical review accumulates and digests this large body of new work, showing how these historiographical about-turns leave us with broader questions about the role of ideas in cultural transformations, as well as – on a smaller scale – the processes by which individuals change their minds. I close the review by contending that after decades of neglect, it is an opportune time to bring intellectual history back into our studies of the ‘disenchantment of the world’.
En este artículo exploro el vínculo entre (i) la original respuesta dada en 1624 por Galileo Galilei a un antiguo argumento contra la descentración de la Tierra y (ii) las premisas para la ...abstracción y la representación del espacio desarrolladas en el ámbito de las artes mecánicas debido al desarrollo de la perspectiva en la pintura renacentista. En continuidad con las investigaciones de otros, indico los motivos conceptuales, históricos y biográficos que permiten sostener que dicha respuesta de Galileo fue deudora de tales premisas. Finalmente, extraigo conclusiones sobre las relaciones entre las artes mecánicas y las ciencias en el contexto de la denominada revolución científica en contra de quienes niegan la influencia de las primeras sobre las segundas.
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