Self‐awareness in nursing: A scoping review Rasheed, Subia P.; Younas, Ahtisham; Sundus, Amara
Journal of clinical nursing,
March 2019, 2019-Mar, 2019-03-00, 20190301, Letnik:
28, Številka:
5-6
Journal Article
Recenzirano
Aims and objectives
To outline and examine the literature about self‐awareness in nursing and to identify areas for future research and practice.
Background
Self‐awareness is important for the ...personal and professional development of nurses, for developing an effective nurse–patient relationship and for improving nursing abilities. Despite its importance in nursing and therapeutic nurse–patient relationship and its evolving nature, the knowledge base for self‐awareness in nursing remains under‐examined.
Design
A scoping review using PRISMA guidelines.
Methods
A five‐step approach: (a) identification of research question; (b) identification of relevant studies using a three‐step search: keywords search within PubMed and CINAHL, literature search within PubMed, CINAHL, ERIC, PsycINFO, Science Direct and Google Scholar, and literature search of references lists; (c) study selection; (d) data extraction and charting; (e) data collation, summarisation and reporting, was used.
Findings
Of 1,531 identified sources, 76 full‐text sources were read and 29 English language sources, published from January 1980 until January 2018, which included nurses or nursing students, were reviewed. Two themes: perspectives on self‐awareness and strategies for enhancing self‐awareness emerged. Under these themes, conceptualisation of self‐awareness; its antecedents and value; and theory‐based, educational and personal strategies for its enhancement were described. There is sufficient literature regarding self‐awareness conceptualisation and theory‐based strategies for its enhancement, but inconclusive evidence regarding value of self‐awareness, and educational and personal strategies for its improvement.
Conclusion
There is limited research on self‐awareness. Most of the literature comprises of theoretical discussions and opinions which adequately provide a conceptual understanding of self‐awareness. However, more empirical and applied research is needed to apply the available theoretical knowledge in practice.
Relevance to clinical practice
This review delineated theoretical, educational and personal strategies for nurses to improve their self‐awareness and indicated that engagement in self‐awareness at relational and contextual levels is essential for developing nurse–patient relationship.
When individuals strive towards personal goals, they may encounter obstacles that could compromise their goal progress and pose a challenge to self–regulation. Coping with obstacles first requires ...those obstacles to be identified. The purpose of the present studies was to apply an inter–individual approach to this important, but insufficiently studied self–regulatory aspect of goal striving. We therefore examined the role of self–awareness, that is, paying attention to one's own feelings, thoughts, and behaviours, for the identification of goal–related obstacles. We measured and manipulated self–awareness in two correlational and two experimental studies (one of them preregistered) and asked participants to identify obstacles to their goals. All studies confirmed the hypothesis that individuals with higher levels of dispositional and situational self–awareness identify more obstacles, both with regard to their idiosyncratic personal goals (Studies 1 and 2) and with regard to a goal in an assigned task during an experiment (Studies 3 and 4). The results indicate that self–awareness plays a crucial role for identifying obstacles. We discuss the implications of our findings for personality and self–regulation research.
We propose that escape theory, which describes how individuals seek to free themselves from aversive states of self-awareness, helps explain key patterns of materialistic people's behavior. As ...predicted by escape theory, materialistic individuals may feel dissatisfied with their standard of living, cope with failed expectations and life stressors less effectively than others, suffer from aversive self-awareness, and experience negative emotions as a result. To cope with negative, self-directed emotions, materialistic people may enter a narrow, cognitively deconstructed mindset in order to temporarily blunt the capacity for self-reflection. Cognitive narrowing decreases inhibitions thereby engendering impulsivity, passivity, irrational thought, and disinhibited behaviors, including maladaptive consumption.
Studies investigating the potential structures underlying the connection between mindfulness and romantic relationship quality are not sufficient and require additional empirical findings. The ...current study aimed to examine a hypothesized model underlying the association between mindfulness and relationship quality, while investigating the roles of individuals' level of awareness and application of care in a romantic relationship among 199 adult participants in a southeastern region of the United States. Structural equation modeling (SEM) and path analysis were executed to examine the hypothesized structural model, testing a multi‐step pathway as to how mindfulness influences relationship quality. The SEM and path analyses showed a good fit for the present study's hypothesized model, indicating that individuals' mindfulness had a direct influence on their self‐awareness level. Individuals' self‐awareness and application of care mediated the link between mindfulness and relationship quality. Implications for family life educators, dyadic couples researchers, and marriage and family practitioners are discussed.
This research explores how abstract appeal (i.e., describing the features of green products in a more vague way) and concrete appeal (i.e., describing the features of green products in a more ...specific way) can encourage consumers to engage in green consumption behavior, such as purchasing green products. Across three experiments, this research tests the prediction that abstract (concrete) appeal is more effective in generating green purchase intentions than concrete (abstract) appeal in situations where the benefit association of green products is other (self). Public self-awareness and identity salience moderate the effect of appeal type and benefit association on green purchase intentions. In particular, when green products associate with the benefit of other, abstract appeal is more effective, whereas both abstract and concrete appeals are less effective when green products associate with the benefit of self. This effect is moderated by public self-awareness and whether a collective level of self or an individual level of self is made salient. The results provide important managerial implications for marketers who seek to promote green consumption by suggesting that rather than merely depending on the types of advertising appeals, marketers should modify their advertising message to match the benefit association of the products and to consider the situations where public self-awareness and identity salience are present.
This study explored relations between academic performance, cognition, cognitive self-evaluation and self-representation. We examined 408 participants, from 10 to 16 years, by a cognitive battery ...addressed to several reasoning domains (mathematical, causal, spatial, and social reasoning), self-evaluation of performance in each reasoning domain, and domain-specific and general cognitive self-representation. School grades in mathematics, science, and language indexed academic performance. Reasoning highly predicted school performance in primary and secondary school. Self-representations and self-evaluations were highly related to cognitive performance in secondary but not in primary school. Self-representation significantly predicted academic performance if used alone in the model; it is completely absorbed by cognitive ability, when used together. Self-evaluation predicted school performance additionally to cognitive ability in secondary but not in primary school. Effects of SES on academic performance were both direct and indirect, mediated by cognitive ability. The implications for cognitive developmental theory and educational implications are discussed.
•Cognitive predictors of school performance vary with development•Cognitive ability is the strongest predictor of school performance•Cognitive self-evaluation predicts school performance in secondary school•Socioeconomic status influences school performance directly and indirectly via cognitive ability
Integration of body-related signals within the peripersonal space (PPS) contributes to bodily self-awareness. Whereas several studies have shown how individual PPS extension is shaped by external ...factors, e.g. during interactions with people and objects, no studies have looked at interoceptive influences on PPS extension. We exposed participants to an audio-tactile interaction task, to measure their PPS boundary (Session 1), and to a heartbeat counting task and a time estimation task, to specifically assess their interoceptive accuracy (Session 2). Participants’ traits of private self-consciousness and social anxiety were also evaluated, to account for their possible effect on the relation between interoception and PPS representation. We found that higher interoceptive accuracy specifically predicts narrower PPS boundary. Moreover, this relation is moderated by individual traits of private self-consciousness, but not social anxiety. Extending the concept of interoceptive influences on exteroceptive body representations to PPS, our results, first, support the idea that a dynamic balance between intero-exteroceptive processing might represent a general principle underlying bodily self-awareness; second, they shed light on how interoception may affect also the way we interface with the external world. Finally, showing that, in order for interoceptive accuracy to be effective on the intero-exteroceptive balance, it is important that individuals tend to focus on inner sensations and feelings, our results suggest that a comprehensive intero-exteroceptive model of bodily self-awareness should be (at least) a three-dimensional model that includes individual self-consciousness traits.
Interoceptive and exteroceptive information are both essential for the construction and update of self-awareness. Whereas several studies have shown how interoceptive accuracy or cardiac feedback ...influences body-awareness, no studies have looked at the reverse effect, namely how exteroceptively-driven changes in body-ownership and self-identification can influence individuals’ ability to detect internal bodily signals. We exposed participants to the Rubber Hand Illusion (Experiment 1) and to the Enfacement Illusion (Experiment 2), and tested how this change in the sense of body-ownership and self-identification affected their interoceptive accuracy (IAcc). The heartbeat-counting task was used to measure IAcc before the bodily illusions, and then the same task was interleaved with periods of visuo-tactile stimulation, during which synchronous and asynchronous multisensory stimulation was applied. We found that a change in body-ownership significantly improved performance of participants with lower interoceptive accuracy. In contrast, a change in self-identification significantly decreased performance of participants with higher interoceptive accuracy. These results suggest that changes in different domains of self-awareness can differentially impact individuals’ ability to accurately detect signals arising from within the body, highlighting the distinct role that interoceptive signals play for different facets of bodily self-consciousness.
Many studies indicate that increasing self‐awareness leads to individuals reflecting on their values and ideals (Silvia & Duval, 2001). This self‐reflection appears to increase prosocial behaviour ...(Berkowitz, 1987). However, previously studies typically manipulated self‐awareness in situations in which the individual may have felt pressure from the researcher to help. Thus, experimenter pressure to behave prosocially confounds the self‐awareness explanation provided in past research. We used a novel experimental paradigm to manipulate self‐awareness and remove the researcher's presence to decrease the likelihood that the participant would conform to experimenter demand. Participants were 36 college students (Mage = 19.52; 25 women). The results indicated a strong probability that the experimental condition participants were more prosocial than control condition participants. These findings provide additional support for the hypothesis that self‐reflection increases prosocial behaviour, even without experimenter demands. These findings and the importance of studying objective self‐awareness in light of the coronavirus are discussed.
Knowing what you want from life✓ Managing perfectionism✓ Becoming responsibly selfish✓ Getting the most out of your time✓ Feeling in control✓ Setting achievable goals✓ Personal leadership✓ Developing ...a resilient approach✓ Developing an assertive approach✓ Dealing with difficult clients Worried about a colleague? Fulfilment at work Lack of self-awareness; Dislike of conflict (including potential conflict) and an inability to handle it; Not having a clear idea of what you want or need; Low self-esteem or self-worth. Perhaps you could say: ‘Can I check my diary/schedule and come back to you in an hour?’ ‘Can I get back to you this afternoon?’ Taking a bit of time to think before you give an answer can lead to a more considered response rather than a reactive and unconsidered one.
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