Organizational hiring practices have been charged for unfair treatment on the grounds of age. Drawing on theories of planned behavior and core self-evaluations, this research investigated the impact ...of negative attitudes toward older workers on hiring decisions and examined the moderating role of decision-makers' core self-evaluations. We tested our hypotheses based on a structured online questionnaire and a vignette study using a sample of 102 participants working in human resource management across different industries. As predicted, negative attitudes toward older workers were positively related to avoidance of hiring older people, which in turn was negatively related to the likelihood to select the oldest candidate. Because hiring decisions are not only about the hiring subject but also about the decision-maker, we tested the moderating role of decision-makers' core self-evaluations. Results showed that core self-evaluations buffered the relationship between negative attitudes toward older workers and avoidance of hiring older people. Theoretical implications of the findings with regard to hiring decisions about older people and practical recommendations to improve diversity management strategies and age-balanced hiring practices in organizations are discussed.
Social Comparison: Why, with Whom, and with What Effect? Suls, Jerry; Martin, René; Wheeler, Ladd
Current directions in psychological science : a journal of the American Psychological Society,
10/2002, Letnik:
11, Številka:
5
Journal Article
Recenzirano
Social comparison consists of comparing oneself with others in order to evaluate or to enhance some aspects of the self. Evaluation of ability is concerned with the question "Can I do X?" and relies ...on the existence of a proxy performer. A proxy's relative standing on attributes vis-à-vis the comparer and whether the proxy exerted maximum effort on a preliminary task are variables influencing his or her informational utility. Evaluation of opinions is concerned with the questions "Do I like X?" Is X correct?" and "Will I like X?" Important variables that affect an individual's use of social comparison to evaluate hisor her opinions are the other person's expertise, similarity with the individual, and previous agreement with the individual. Whether social comparison serves a self-enhancement function depends on whether the comparer assimilates or contrasts his or her self relative to superior or inferrior others. The kinds of self-knowledge made cognitively accessible and variables such as mutability of self-views and distinctiveness of the comparison target may be important determinants of assimilation versus contrast.
Abstract
Update rules, which describe how individuals adjust their behavior over time, affect the outcome of social interactions. Theoretical studies have shown that evolutionary outcomes are ...sensitive to model details when update rules are imitation-based but are robust when update rules are self-evaluation based. However, studies of self-evaluation based rules have focused on homogeneous population structures where each individual has the same number of neighbors. Here, we consider heterogeneous population structures represented by weighted networks. Under weak selection, we analytically derive the condition for strategy success, which coincides with the classical condition of risk-dominance. This condition holds for all weighted networks and distributions of aspiration levels, and for individualized ways of self-evaluation. Our findings recover previous results as special cases and demonstrate the universality of the robustness property under self-evaluation based rules. Our work thus sheds light on the intrinsic difference between evolutionary dynamics under self-evaluation based and imitation-based update rules.
This paper explores approaches to support the consistent implementation of school self-evaluation. The first part of the paper outlines the changing nature of self-evaluation in Irish post-primary ...schools and how a new approach introduced by the Department of Education and Skills in 2012 demonstrates real intentionality in terms of implementation. This recent attempt to engage schools in self-evaluation is compared to a previous self-evaluation initiative introduced in 2003. Despite significant improvements to the self-evaluation process, a number of concerns remain particularly in relation to the capacity of schools to engage in the process and the limited level of support that is provided to schools. The question of how best to support the implementation of self-evaluation is a concern in many jurisdictions. This question was explored in research carried out on the implementation of self-evaluation in Centres for Education in Ireland, and the findings are outlined in the second part of the paper. The research highlights a relatively high level of implementation of self-evaluation in Centres for Education nationally as well as generally positive feedback on the self-evaluation experience from participants. Some of the factors that influenced successful implementation are outlined. Key among these is the facilitator-led approach, addressing the practicalities of implementation and the national monitoring system. While this research did not involve post-primary schools, the findings may have relevance for the provision of supports in post-primary schools in Ireland, and it may also have a wider application for self-evaluation policy and practice in other jurisdictions.
Structured Self-Regulated Learning (SSRL) diaries have the potential for combining the development and assessment of a student’s SRL processes over time. The aim of this study was to evaluate the ...extent to which an SSRL diary can develop SRL and provide a reliable longitudinal assessment of SRL development in academically low-achieving undergraduate medical students. We conducted a quasi-experimental study with low-achieving medical students at Tehran University of Medical Sciences. The intervention was a weekly SSRL diary, with 21 items in two parts (before and after studying) that was integrated with weekly explicit SRL training. A repeated measures ANOVA was performed to assess the participants' SRL development across time. We conducted generalizability theory analysis in two designs; the first was to assess the reliability of the total diary score in assessing low-achieving medical students’ SRL and the second was to assess the efficacy of the four-week intervention results in improving the low-achieving medical students’ SRL. Each participant (n = 20) completed four SSRL diaries. There were significant positive changes during the intervention in the students’ measures of total SRL, time estimation of study, time spent on study, concentration, elaboration, organization, self-monitoring, and self-evaluation. The absolute and relative generalizability coefficients for the first design, which indicates the reliability of the students’ SRL scores, were 0.71 and 0.77. The absolute and relative generalizability coefficients for the second design, which presents the reliability of the improvement of students’ SRL across time were 0.79 and 0.87. The results of this study suggest that SSRL diaries combined with explicit training can provide an effective and reliable method for combining the development and assessment of SRL in low-achieving medical students’ SRL over time.
Creative Behavior as Agentic Action Karwowski, Maciej; Beghetto, Ronald A.
Psychology of aesthetics, creativity, and the arts,
11/2019, Letnik:
13, Številka:
4
Journal Article
Recenzirano
This article introduces and empirically explores a theoretical model of creative behavior as agentic action (CBAA). According to this model, transforming creative potential into creative behavior ...results from a decision informed by one's creative confidence and perceived value of creativity. More specifically, the model posits that the link between creative potential and creative behavior is mediated by creative confidence and moderated by perceived value of creativity. We tested the model in two cross-sectional studies and in one longitudinal study. Across all three studies, we found evidence in support of the CBAA model. Implications for subsequent theory development and research are discussed.
Internet use is an important means of accessing health-related information. Identifying the associations between internet use and health outcomes could provide insight into strategies for improving ...public health among middle-aged and older adults (45 years and up).
This study aimed to examine the relationship between internet use and health outcomes in middle-aged and older adults.
Data were obtained from the 2018 China Health and Retirement Longitudinal Study. Physical, mental, and subjective health were assessed using the Activities of Daily Living (ADL) Scale, the 10-item Center for Epidemiologic Studies Depression Scale, and the 3-level Self-Rated Health Scale, respectively. The chi-square test and rank sum test were used to explore whether internet use was associated with health status. A multivariate logistic regression model was used to determine this association further after controlling for the confounding factors.
Overall, 13% (1752/13,474) of the participants used the internet. Regression analyses revealed that the prevalence of depression (odds ratio OR 0.59, 95% CI 0.52-0.68; P<.001), negative self-rated health (OR 0.68, 95% CI 0.61-0.76; P<.001), and difficulty with ADL (OR 0.48, 95% CI 0.39-0.60; P<.001) in the participating middle-aged and older adult was lower in those using the internet than nonusers. After controlling for confounding factors, internet use was found to be negatively associated with difficulty with ADL (urban: OR 0.44, 95% CI 0.32-0.61; P<.001 vs rural: OR 0.55, 95% CI 0.41-0.75; P<.001), depression (urban: OR 0.69, 95% CI 0.57-0.84; P<.001 vs rural: OR 0.52, 95% CI: 0.43-0.63; P<.001), and self-rated health status (urban: OR 0.70, 95% CI 0.61-0.81; P<.001 vs rural: OR 0.67, 95% CI 0.57-0.78; P<.001) among middle-aged and older adults in both urban and rural areas.
Internet use had a positive effect on the physical and mental health of middle-aged and older adults who participated in this study. However, the internet usage rate remains low among older Chinese people. Therefore, the internet penetration rate should be a priority.
•Are self-assessed language skills valid measures of language proficiency?•Self-assessed language skills correlate moderately with language test scores.•Self-assessed language skills yield different ...regression results than test scores.•Task-specific assessments are not more accurate than general ability estimates.•Self-assessed language skills are systematically biased in certain groups.
Due to its central role in social integration, immigrants’ language proficiency is a matter of considerable societal concern and scientific interest. This study examines whether commonly applied self-assessments of linguistic skills yield results that are similar to those of competence tests and thus whether these self-assessments are valid measures of language proficiency. Analyses of data for immigrant youth reveal moderate correlations between language test scores and two types of self-assessments (general ability estimates and concrete performance estimates) for the participants’ first and second languages. More importantly, multiple regression models using self-assessments and models using test scores yield different results. This finding holds true for a variety of analyses and for both types of self-assessments. Our findings further suggest that self-assessed language skills are systematically biased in certain groups. Subjective measures thus seem to be inadequate estimates of language skills, and future research should use them with caution when research questions pertain to actual language skills rather than self-perceptions.
Objectives
Whether tick‐borne infections can cause chronic subjective health complaints is heavily debated. If such a causal connection exists, one would expect to find more health complaints among ...individuals exposed to tick‐borne infections than among non‐exposed. In this study, we aimed to assess if exposure to tick‐borne infections earlier in life, evaluated by examination of serum for IgG antibodies to tick‐borne microbes, was associated with self‐reported somatic symptom load.
Materials & Methods
All individuals with residential address in Søgne municipality in southern Norway, aged 18‐69 years, were invited to participate in the study. Blood samples were analyzed for IgG antibodies to different tick‐borne microbes, and somatic symptom load was charted by the Patient Health Questionnaire‐15 (PHQ‐15).
Results
Out of 7424 invited individuals, 2968 (40.0%) were included in the study. We detected IgG antibodies to Borrelia burgdorferi sensu lato (Bb) in 22.9% (95% CI 21.4‐24.4). Bb seropositive individuals reported less frequently moderate to severe somatic symptom load (ie, PHQ‐15 sum score ≥ 10) than seronegative individuals (12.5% versus 17.7%, difference 5.2% 95% 2.1‐8.0). However, when adjusting for several other variables in a multivariable linear regression model, presence of serum IgG antibodies to Bb was not associated with somatic symptom load. Presence of IgG antibodies to other tick‐borne microbes than Bb, or seropositivity to at least two microbes, was also not associated with somatic symptom load.
Conclusion
Presence of serum IgG antibodies to tick‐borne microbes was not associated with self‐reported somatic symptom load.
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