In recent years some papers have addressed the problem of the validity in Intuitionistic Propositional Logic (IPL) using the approach proposed by Claessen and Rosén based on reduction to ...Satisfiability Modulo Theories. This approach depends on an initial preprocessing phase that reduces the input formula in the intuitionistic language to an equivalent sequent in the language of clauses. In this paper we present general clauses, an extension of the clauses used by Claessen and Rosén, that allow us to define a natural relationship between the semantics of the extended clauses and Kripke semantics. We present a decision procedure for general clauses and we show how to encode intuitionistic formulas in the language of general clauses so to decide IPL. The experimental results show that our implementation in general outperforms the state-of-the-art provers for IPL. In principle general clauses can be used as a target language for other non-classical logics with Kripke semantics, so that our decision procedure can be used to decide them.
Distributional semantics embodies the idea that the context in which a word occurs reveals the meaning of that word. In contemporary corpus linguistics, that idea takes shape in various types of ...quantitative context analysis. This monograph explores how count-based token-level semantic vector spaces, as an advanced form of such a quantitative methodology, can be applied to the study of polysemy, lexical variation, and lectometry. What can distributional models reveal about meaning? How can they be used to analyse the semantic relationship between near-synonyms? And how can they contribute to the study of lexical variation as a sociolinguistic variable? The book details the conceptual background of lexical semantic and lexical variation research, explains the mechanism of distributional modelling, and introduces distributional workflows and corpus linguistic tools to answer the questions. Combining a cognitive linguistic interest in meaning with a sociolinguistic interest in variation, it illustrates that distributional methodology with case studies on Dutch and Spanish lexical data, focusing on the value of distributional models for semantic analysis, the interaction of semasiological and onomasiological change, and sociolinguistic issues of lexical standardization and pluricentricity.
Raziskovalno vprašanje (RV): Kateri so ključni dejavniki, ki vplivajo na trajnostno ravnanje z neporabljenimi zdravili? Namen: Namen raziskave je bil opraviti sistematičen pregled dosedanjih ...empiričnih raziskav o dejavnikih, ki vplivajo na trajnostno ravnanje z neporabljenimi zdravili v gospodinjstvih. Metoda: Opravili smo pregled empiričnih raziskav. Pregledali smo baze ProQuest, Semantic scholar, Google scholar, Springer Link in Pubmed. Rezultati: Ugotovili smo, da so avtorji raziskav trajnostnega ravnanja z zdravili kot ključne dejavnike, ki vplivajo na namero za ravnanje največkrat izpostavili osebne okoliščine (znanje, ozaveščenost, priročnost recikliranja). Pomembna sta tudi finanční in zdravstveni vidik trajnostnega ravnanja. Namera za ravnanje je najbolj proksimalen napovedni dejavnik za ravnanje. Med preučevanimi znanstvenimi deli smo ugotovili, da avtorji v nobeni empirični raziskavi niso zajeli vseh dejavnikov, ki bi vplivali na trajnostno ravnanje. Prevladujoči metodi raziskav za pridobivanje podatkov sta bili anketiranje preko vprašalnikov ter izvedba intervjujev, za analizo podatkov pa opisna statistika. Organizacija: S predstavitvijo različnih dejavnikov na področju trajnostnega ravnanja so izpostavljeni najpomembnejši izzivi, ki se tičejo izobraževanja, ozaveščanja, nadzora nad trajnostnim ravnanjem z neporabljenimi zdravili. Na podlagi tega imajo deležniki v teh procesih priložnost preučevati trajnostno ravnanje z neporabljenimi zdravili in prepoznati morebitne priložnosti za izboljšanje. Družba: Racionalna raba zdravil je bistvena za zagotovitev varnosti zdravil v skupnosti. Posamezniki potrebujejo informacije ter nova znanja o tem, kako trajnostno ravnati z neporabljenimi zdravili. Zavedanje o negativnih učinkih napačne rabe neporabljenih zdravil se povečuje, vsi porabniki zdravil pa lahko prispevajo k trajnostnemu ravnanju z neporabljenimi zdravili. Originalnost: Raziskava je pokazala pomanjkanje raziskave v Sloveniji, ki bi raziskovala trajnostno ravnanje z neporabljenimi zdravili, posebej v povezavi s sociopsihološkimi modeli. Omejitve/nadaljnje raziskovanje: Pregled literature je bil omejen na pet javno dosegljivih baz podatkov. Glede na prepoznane raziskovalne predloge oziroma zaznane vrzeli bi kvantitativna raziskava dejavnikov za trajnostno ravnanje z zdravili prispevala k novim znanjem na tem področju.
Scientific papers are an important form for researchers to summarize and display their research results. Information mining and analysis of scientific papers can help to form a comprehensive ...understanding of the subject. Aiming at the ignorance of contextual semantic information in current topic mining and the uncertainty of screening rules in association evolution research, this paper proposes a topic mining evolution model based on the BERT-LDA model. First, the model combines the contextual semantic information learned by the BERT model with the word vectors of the LDA model to mine deep semantic topics. Then construct topic filtering rules to eliminate invalid associations between topics. Finally, the relationship between themes is analyzed through the theme evolution, and the complex relationship between the themes such as fusion, diffusion, emergence, and disappearance is displayed. The experimental results show that, compared with the traditional LDA model, the topic mining evolution model based on BERTLDA can accurately mine topics with deep semantics and effectively analyze the development trend of scientific and technological paper topics.
La verosimilitud, desde la crítica de Tichý y Miller a la definición de Popper, ha supuesto grandes retos para su definición en términos lógicos. Si bien parece intuitiva la idea de que una falsedad ...puede ser más cercana a la verdad que otra, esto resulta tremendamente problemático cuando se trata de describir de modo lógico. Para dar respuesta a esto, los filósofos realistas han seguido diferentes estrategias que pueden clasificarse en dos grandes grupos dependiendo de su enfoque: el sintáctico y el semántico, cada uno de ellos con éxitos y problemas de diferente tipo. En el presente artículo, se dará una descripción de ambos enfoques, prestando atención a las propuestas de Popper y de Schurz y Weingartner en el enfoque sintáctico, y a las de Niiniluoto en el semántico.
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