This research focuses on translation strategies and techniques for rendering slang in Quentin Tarantino’s films “Pulp Fiction” and “Once Upon a Time in Hollywood”. The material of the research was ...the original scripts for the films and their translations into Ukrainian. Defining translation strategies when transferring English slang into Ukrainian involved: frequency analysis of the slang words; semantic decomposition of the slang words to establish their meanings; and comparison of the words to reveal consistent patterns of translating English slang into Ukrainian. Slang words
fucking, fuck, shit, goddamn, motherfucker
make up 3.6% of the total wordcount in “Pulp Fiction” and 1.33% in “Once Upon a Time in… Hollywood”. They mainly function as exclamations, nominations for something inferior, as euphony, or to denote a despicable adversary. Literal translation has been registered in 31.73% in “Pulp Fiction” and 30.98% in “Once Upon a Time in Hollywood”, explicitation (6.07% and 26.03%,) substitution (39.75% and 48.8%). Slang words were neutralised in 15.45% and 16.8%, omitted in 21.34% and 21.72%. The study hypothesises that the techniques involved show a correlation between the semantic transparency of the slang word and the strategy chosen.
Quite a large number of linguistic works are aimed at understand-ing the essence of power, the main task of which is to reconstruct the per-ception and attitude to power. This article attempts to ...analyze the lexical and semantic field of the concept "POWER", with special attention paid to the meanings of the word "power". The illustrative material is the Dictionary of the Russian language, as well as the Old Russian texts "Domostroy" and "The Legend of Princess Olga". The description of the lexical and semantic field of the concept of "Power" based on the material of these texts allows one to identify the initial ideas about the phenomenon of power.
The concept of incoherence naturally arises in ontological settings, specially when integrating knowledge. In the Datalog.sup.+ or - literature, however, this is an issue that is yet to be studied ...more deeply. The main focus of our work is to show how classical inconsistency-tolerant semantics for query answering behaves when dealing with atoms that are relevant to unsatisfiable sets of existential rules, which may hamper the quality of answers and any reasoning task based on those semantics. We also propose a notion of incoherency-tolerant semantics for query answering in Datalog.sup.+ or -, and exemplify this notion with a particular semantics based on the transformation of classic Datalog.sup.+ or - ontologies into defeasible Datalog.sup.+ or - ones, which use argumentation as its reasoning machinery. Keywords Incoherence * Inconsistency-tolerant semantics * Argumentation * Datalog.sup.+ or - ontologies Mathematics Subject Classification (2010) 68T27 * 68T30 * 68T35 * 68T37
A Logic for Locally Complete Abstract Interpretations Bruni, Roberto; Giacobazzi, Roberto; Gori, Roberta ...
2021 36th Annual ACM/IEEE Symposium on Logic in Computer Science (LICS),
2021-June-29
Conference Proceeding
Odprti dostop
We introduce the notion of local completeness in abstract interpretation and define a logic for proving both the correctness and incorrectness of some program specification. Abstract interpretation ...is extensively used to design sound-by-construction program analyses that over-approximate program behaviours. Completeness of an abstract interpretation A for all possible programs and inputs would be an ideal situation for verifying correctness specifications, because the analysis can be done compositionally and no false alert will arise. Our first result shows that the class of programs whose abstract analysis on A is complete for all inputs has a severely limited expressiveness. A novel notion of local completeness weakens the above requirements by considering only some specific, rather than all, program inputs and thus finds wider applicability. In fact, our main contribution is the design of a proof system, parameterized by an abstraction A, that, for the first time, combines over- and under-approximations of program behaviours. Thanks to local completeness, in a provable triple ⊢ A P c Q, the assertion Q is an under-approximation of the strongest post-condition postc(P ) such that the abstractions in A of Q and postc(P ) coincide. This means that Q is never too coarse, namely, under mild assumptions, the abstract interpretation of c does not yield false alerts for the input P iff Q has no alert. Thus, ⊢ A P c Q not only ensures that all the alerts raised in Q are true ones, but also that if Q does not raise alerts then c is correct.
Ludic competence is an integral part of the professional competence of would-be psychologists; the psycholinguistic features of imagination are in turn an integral component of the ludic competence. ...We used the method of applied psycholinguistic research in order to define and explain the psycholinguistic features of imagination as a component of the ludic competence. The main stage of the research was a free association test with the stimulus word “imagination”, as the most elaborated technique of semantic analysis. The psycholinguistic features of imagination as a notion that belongs to the inner world and as a component of the ludic competence were reflected in everyday linguistic consciousness as three core (more than 10 %) semantic clusters: (a) associates that reflect psychological processes and states (54.5 %); (b) associates that are connected with creative activity (25.5 %); and (c) associates that describe the outside world (11 %). Imagination was mostly represented by lexemes with abstract semantics. The semantic content of the word “imagination” did not depend on gender identification. Both male and female respondents showed a positive emotional attitude to the stimulus “imagination” and evaluated it as something positive. Our data confirm that the psycholinguistic experiment and the method of free association, in particular, can be extensively applied beyond linguistics and prove to be rather effective.
The research is aimed at the revelation and linguistic substantiation of the differences in the conceptual contents the term cosmism demonstrates in different branches of knowledge. In order to solve ...the above-mentioned scientific task, the contextual definitions of the term are analyzed and the similarities and differences in the functioning and meaning of the term are revealed depending on different discourse types such as the religious-philosophical, philosophical, natural-science as well as literary and art discourse. The comparison of the conceptual meanings of the term cosmism in languages for special purposes has shown that cosmism as a philosophical term can comprise historical and subjective semantic components which reflect the development of philosophical thought within the framework of a certain movement or of an individual world view (cosmism in Ancient Greek philosophy, Spinoza’s cosmism, the late cosmism, Berdyaev’s cosmism). The transformation of the term’s semantic structure in philosophical discourse does not affect the conceptual meaning including the basic slots which remain preserved in all systems of terminology without exception. However, the slot structure and the semantic connection between them may be different: in most conceptions, the universal, or cosmic, principle prevails over the individual one, while in Berdyaev’s individual terminology, a term selection can be observed and the slot ‘subordination’ is replaced through the slot ‘equality’. This statement is the evidence of the fact that cosmism is a variously interpreted philosophical term whose definitive variation is determined by a certain philosop hical term system, including the one of an individual author. The term can be interpreted in a broad sense (the philosophical understanding of cosmism) and a narrow sense (the natural-science understanding of cosmism in Tsiolkovsky’s and Vernadsky’s works). Beyond the philosophical discourse, the term is frequently used as a concept in the study of literature, where it denotes different types of poetic worldview (Tyutchev’s cosmism, Esenin’s cosmism). Besides, the term cosmism belongs to the closed term system as a denomination for the Proletarian poetry movement in the years 1918–1925 (the works of Proletkult poets). The above-mentioned interpretational variants are united by a common significant semantic component which includes the basic semes: the Human, the Universe, and the way of intercommunication between them. From an extralinguistic point of view, the semantic variation of the term is determined by a current of scientific thought and a trend for spiritual development, while linguistically it is caused by the rearrangement and addition of slots into the term’s frame structure. The research is based on texts which contain the term cosmism. Sources containing the lexicographic representation of the term (like dictionaries or encyclopedias) have not been used for the purpose of analysis since there is no source of such kind that would be able to fully reflect the semantic variation of the term.
The corpus of adjectives with the root -гор- (-гір-, -гур-) amounts to more than 60 units. It describes the orientation of objects in the space as well as identifies the spatial qualification of an ...object and models the coordinate system of the linguistic (resp. dialectal) worldview. The author scrutinizes the semantics of the adjectives: unprefixed derivatives of the 1st and 2nd degrees of derivation (гíрний / гóрний, горáвий, горúстий, горíшний, гірськúй, гóряний, горíський, etc.); prefixal-suffixal formations (згíрний, згірнúстий, загíрний, нагíрний, пагористий, etc.), and compounds (крутогóрий, плоскогíрний, простогíрний, etc.). The semantic structure of adjectives is analyzed within two semantic subcomplexes: ‘the top of the object’ and ‘high / low limit’. The subcomplexes unite the meanings of the adjectives, which are structured hierarchically. All meanings (components of the semantic structure) are illustrated by examples of dialectal speech. These meanings represent different aspects of the Ukrainians’ life. The analysed units represent semantic and typical features for the south-western dialects of the Ukrainian language. The sources of the study are historical and regional dictionaries (by Ye. Zhelekhivskyi, S. Nedilskyi, P. Biletskyi-Nosenko, D. Yavornytskyi, B. Hrinchenko, etc.) and texts as well as linguistic atlases. Semantic changes, as based on the analysis of historical sources and manuscripts of the Ukrainian language from the 11th century, were recorded at different historical stages. It is possible to identify the specific features of the perception of the world and differences in the worldview of dialect speakers, their knowledge, and collective experience, and represent the specific features of dialect nomination, derivation, and semantics. The dialectal data provided in the 7 comparative tables of the lexeme’s derivation and semantics, and what is more, semantic changes of the adjectives гíрськúй / гóрський and горíшний. The oldest fixations of derivatives from the 11th century and the semantic evolution of the words are documented. The analysis of the formal and semantic structures of derivatives proved that the semantics of the base word is the basis for the formation of the semantics of derivatives.
The study of the functional-semantic field of the imperative in journalistic style makes it possible to define the meaning of imperative on each circle of the field in the Ukrainian language. The papers ...focuses on the inventory and comparison of constituents at the level of lexical units, morphology, and syntax, which belong to the structure of the functional-semantic field of the imperative in journalistic discourse. The structure of the imperative field (core, core part, close and far peripheries), its organization and quantitative filling of its levels were determined. The characteristic features of paradigmatic structure and the functioning of lexical, morphological, and syntactic means of the functional-semantic field of the imperative in journalistic style were identified. The purpose of this work involves a comprehensive analysis of the structural organization of the functional-semantic field of the imperative in journalistic discourse, the study of its structure, and the quantitative content of its circles. The typology of the functional-semantic field of imperative in the modern Ukrainian language requires detailed research. The paradigmatic structure and lexical, morphological, and syntactic means of the functional-semantic field of imperative in journalistic style were described.
This work examines the absolute construction of transitive verbs in Russian in relation to the antipassive. Transitive verbs are defined as verbs that can be combined with a direct object, i.e. they ...exhibit patient valency. However, for various reasons, this patient valency is not always realized. Since the objectless use of the verb is the result of the syntactic inexpressibility of the patient argument, it is logical to approach it as the result of valency-reducing derivation. From this point of view, it can be assumed that the objectless transitive construction has certain diathetic properties. We postulate that the non-verbalization of patient valency signals the transfer of the patient argument to the semantic, communicative periphery and, consequently, to its syntactic demotion. Three types of non-verbalization of the patient argument are distinguished: context ellipsis, semantic incorporation of an object into the meaning of a verb, and generalized presentation of the situation. We are primarily interested in the third type, for which the term absolute construction is traditionally used. Unlike the first and second types, in which the unexpressed object is reconstructed through the context or semantics of the verb, in the absolute construction, the object of action cannot be specified, or it is difficult to do so. Therefore, an absolute construction is not an incomplete construction. The absolute use of transitive verbs is the result of reducing the valency of a communicatively irrelevant object, which generates certain semantic shift s; a verb does not denote an action directed at a concrete object but instead denotes something more stative, a constant property of the subject, which transfers the verb to other semantic classes and determines its use in certain contexts.
The Old Church Slavonic noun pozorъ has, besides the meaning ‘spectacle, theater’, also the negative meaning ‘reproach, shame’. This negative meaning is furthermore attested in some other Slavonic ...languages, especially in old and contemporary Russian and in Russian dialects. The supposed semantic shift *‘spectacle, theater’→ ‘shame’ is apparently associated with a medieval custom – the pillory of the culprits who are exposed to the punishment in public and who become an object of general ridicule and humiliation. The sequence of the semantic evolution can then be expressed as follows: *‘spectacle’ → ‘spectacle that defiles and humiliates man’ → ‘shame’. However, one cannot rule out some influence of the Greek model (Greek θρίαμβος ‘scandal’).
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