Agriculture requires technical solutions for increasing production while lessening environmental impact by reducing the application of agro-chemicals and increasing the use of environmentally ...friendly management practices. A benefit of this is the reduction of production costs. Sensor technologies produce tools to achieve the abovementioned goals. The explosive technological advances and developments in recent years have enormously facilitated the attainment of these objectives, removing many barriers for their implementation, including the reservations expressed by farmers. Precision agriculture and ‘smart farming’ are emerging areas where sensor-based technologies play an important role. Farmers, researchers, and technical manufacturers are joining their efforts to find efficient solutions, improvements in production, and reductions in costs. This book brings together recent research and developments concerning novel sensors and their applications in agriculture. Sensors in agriculture are based on the requirements of farmers, according to the farming operations that need to be addressed.
Agriculture requires technical solutions for increasing production while lessening environmental impact by reducing the application of agro-chemicals and increasing the use of environmentally ...friendly management practices. A benefit of this is the reduction of production costs. Sensor technologies produce tools to achieve the abovementioned goals. The explosive technological advances and developments in recent years have enormously facilitated the attainment of these objectives, removing many barriers for their implementation, including the reservations expressed by farmers. Precision agriculture and ‘smart farming’ are emerging areas where sensor-based technologies play an important role. Farmers, researchers, and technical manufacturers are joining their efforts to find efficient solutions, improvements in production, and reductions in costs. This book brings together recent research and developments concerning novel sensors and their applications in agriculture. Sensors in agriculture are based on the requirements of farmers, according to the farming operations that need to be addressed.
Low-energy technologies in the Internet of Things (IoTs) era are still unable to provide the reliability needed by the industrial world, particularly in terms of the wireless operation that pervasive ...deployments demand. While the industrial wireless performance has achieved an acceptable degree in communications, it is no easy task to determine an efficient energy-dimensioning of the device in order to meet the application requirements. This is especially true in the face of the uncertainty inherent in energy harvesting. Thus, it is of utmost importance to model and dimension the energy consumption of the IoT applications at the pre-deployment or pre-production stages, especially when considering critical factors, such as reduced cost, life-time, and available energy. This paper presents a comprehensive model for the power consumption of wireless sensor nodes. The model takes a system-level perspective to account for all energy expenditures: communications, acquisition and processing. Furthermore, it is based only on parameters that can empirically be quantified once the platform (i.e., technology) and the application (i.e., operating conditions) are defined. This results in a new framework for studying and analyzing the energy life-cycles in applications, and it is suitable for determining in advance the specific weight of application parameters, as well as for understanding the tolerance margins and tradeoffs in the system.
An up-to-date review paper on automotive sensors is presented. Attention is focused on sensors used in production automotive systems. The primary sensor technologies in use today are reviewed and are ...classified according to their three major areas of automotive systems application-powertrain, chassis, and body. This subject is extensive. As described in this paper, for use in automotive systems, there are six types of rotational motion sensors, four types of pressure sensors, five types of position sensors, and three types of temperature sensors. Additionally, two types of mass air flow sensors, five types of exhaust gas oxygen sensors, one type of engine knock sensor, four types of linear acceleration sensors, four types of angular-rate sensors, four types of occupant comfort/convenience sensors, two types of near-distance obstacle detection sensors, four types of far-distance obstacle detection sensors, and and ten types of emerging, state-of the-art, sensor technologies are identified.
Due to rapid advancement in technology, recently a significant amount of work has been carried out in the field of multi-mode sensor and multifunctional sensor. A single unit of multifunctional ...sensor provides multiple measurements, which eventually reduces the cost of multiple sensors and makes the system compact. Though the risk of sensor failure and reliability of the multifunctional sensor is always imminent, researchers are working out different methods to make the sensor fault tolerant. Multifunctional sensors are getting widespread acceptance in a variety of fields. This paper provides a review of recent advances in multifunctional sensor technology in the perspective of a multi-sensor system. Different aspects of design and implementation of multifunctional sensor technology have been addressed in this paper. This paper can serve as a basic reading material for students and researchers pursuing research on a multifunctional sensor.
In this study, six new acylthiourea, bearing naphthoquinone moiety, sensors were synthesized in high yield (88–96%) and characterized using 1H/13C NMR, FT-IR and HRMS techniques. All synthesized ...sensors (4a-f) showed shifts in absorbance and colorimetric changes by CN−, F−, AcO−, and H2PO4−. However, 4e showed a chromogenic different sensitivity response to CN− and F− against competing anions such as AcO− and H2PO4− in DMSO. Furthermore, CN− added 4e showed an increase at the emission intensity and intensive fluorimetric color change was observed in UV-light (λex. 365 nm). All sensors showed chromogenic selectivity towards CN− in aqueous solutions (in DMSO/H2O: 1:1, v/v). Interaction mechanisms between 4e and CN− and F− anions were investigated by experimental studies using various spectroscopic methods such as UV/Vis, fluorescence, 1H/19F NMR, and DFT calculation. The results showed that CN− interacts with 4e by the main mechanism as nucleophilic addition of cyanide to 3,5-dinitrophenyl moiety while F− caused an occurrence of imidazole ring-closing due to deprotonation of NH2. LOD values are reported as 2.7 μM for sensor 4e. Moreover, interaction studies were carried out on food sample such as bitter almond, sprouting potato and apricot seed. Furthermore, UV/vis responses were obtained between sensors (4a-f) and the cations, and found selectivity towards Hg2+ in DMSO.
Synthesis of Novel Acylthioureas Bearing Naphthoquinone Moiety as Dual Sensor for High-Performance Naked-Eye Colorimetric and Fluorescence Detection of CN− and F− ions and Its Application in Water and Food Samples. Display omitted
•New acylthioureas bearing naphthoquinone moiety as dual sensors are reported.•The sensors that can easily discriminate CN− and F− in DMSO are reported.•Sensors that can detect the Hg2+ ions in DMSO are reported.•The sensors with high selectivity and low detection limit for CN− in aqueous media are reported.•The sensors that can also be applied to real samples are reported.
This paper presents multifunctional electronic skin (e-Skin) with a stack of pressure and temperature sensors arrays. The pressure sensor layer comprises of an 8x 8 array of capacitive sensors using ...soft elastomers as the dielectric medium and the temperature sensing layer comprises of 4 x4 array of conductive polymers based resistive sensors. Three variants of capacitive pressure sensors were developed using two different dielectric materials (PDMS and Ecoflex) to find the best combination of performance and softness. The Ecoflex-based pressure sensor showed high sensitivity (~4.11 kPa −1 ) at a low-pressure regime (< 1 kPa) and the 7.5:1 PDMS based pressure sensor showed high sensitivity (~2.32 kPa −1 ) in the high-pressure regime (>1 kPa). Two variants of temperature sensors were fabricated using CNT and CNT & PEDOT:PSS conducting polymer composite and their performance compared. Finally, a highly sensitive CNT+PEDOT:PSS based resistive temperature sensors layer was integrated on top of 7.5:1 PDMS based capacitive pressure sensors layer to realize the e-Skin prototype. The developed e-Skin is capable of sensing pressures greater than 10 kPa with a high sensitivity of ~2.32 kPa −1 at 1 kPa and temperatures with the sensitivity of ~0.64 (%)/(°C) up to 80°C, thus demonstrating high potential for use in robotics and touch based interactive systems.
This paper presents a review of Tactile Sensing Systems, with an emphasis on their application to the non-invasive characterization of tumors. Emulating the perceptual mechanism of the human skin, ...the Tactile Sensing Systems characterize tumors using touch sensors by quantifying the mechanical properties such as size and elasticity. The authors survey several tactile transduction methods: capacitive, piezoresistive, piezoelectric, magnetic, and optical. The advantages and disadvantages of different tactile sensors are discussed. The complex human sense of touch is emulated using tactile sensor data, novel data processing algorithms, and near real-time interpretation in a human-readable format. Tactile Sensing Systems utilize tactile sensors and other subsystems to come up with accurate mechanical properties of the touched objects. We review Elasticity Determination Systems, which are a special case of Tactile Sensing Systems. These systems are based on capacitive sensors, piezoelectric sensors, elastography, and optical tactile sensors. Then the optical Tactile Sensing System is discussed in detail; architecture, sensing principle, and algorithms to compute a risk score. Moreover, a survey of multimodal Tactile Sensing Systems, which broaden the capabilities of existing tactile sensing systems, is presented. The paper concludes with discussions and future research directions.
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Breath analysis is an attractive strategy that holds tremendous potential to achieve non-implantable physical health management enabled by flexible humidity sensors for breathing ...behaviors (e.g., continuity, frequency) related to disease monitoring and chemiresistive gas sensors related early disease diagnosis. Compared to other techniques for breath component detection, non-invasive breathing diagnostics based on chemical sensors can offer several advantages like miniaturization, low power consumption, simple structure and cost-saving, which is helpful to enhance the portability of practical tests. Although extensive research has been carried out over the past two decades to improve sensing performances of breath gas sensors, many problems need to be further addressed when it comes to clinical disease diagnosis. Developing integrated gas sensor arrays have become one of the efficient solutions to improve detection accuracy. To get rid of external power supply, various novel sensors combining with self-powered technology are designed to exhibit a desirable development prospect in breath analysis. Thus, this review aims to summarize the latest research advances on wearable humidity-enabled breathing behaviors monitoring and typical biomarker gases-based disease screening, and also provides the prospects of future development from individual sensors to integrated devices and self-powered health monitoring systems.
This paper presents the study of the effect of Platinum-catalysed silicone elastomer encapsulation material on the performance of a stretchable multimodal sensor embedded inside it. The novel ...stretchable multimodal sensor is designed based on a parallel plate capacitor structure to measure strain, shear stress, and pressure. A prototype of the sensor is fabricated from thin copper-polyimide laminate and encapsulated inside Ecoflex 00-30 platinum-catalyzed silicone rubber and Polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS). Empirical tests are conducted on the prototype under different environment temperatures, which is known to affect the modulus of elasticity of silicone rubber encapsulation. For the temperature settings of 24, 30, and 37 °C, sensitivity values for strain sensor are recorded to be −18.2, −16.0, and −13.6 fF. % −1 respectively, whereas the sensitivities of the shear sensor are found to be 1.27, 1.24, and 1.16 fF.kPa −1 under the same temperature settings. The pressure sensor tested under the temperatures of 24, 30, and 37 °C shows an opposite trend with recorded sensitivity values of 0.087, 0.088, and 0.089 fF.kPa −1 respectively. In terms of cross-sensitivity performance, the pressure and shear sensors exhibit a small negative sensitivity to strain stimulus. Strain and pressure sensors also give slight negative sensitivities to the shear stimulus. Pressure stimulus, on the other hand, induces a significant positive response and small negative response by the shear and strain sensor respectively. The experimental results are validated using a series of finite element analysis (FEA). Simulation results confirm that the change in the embedded sensor sensitivity with temperature is due to the change in the stiffness of the encapsulation material. The cross-sensitivity performance on the other hand is due to the movement and deformation of the encapsulation material under mechanical stimuli.
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