In order to analyze and understand spatial dynamics, which of these three factors is explanatory: the characteristics of the territory, the nature of the settlement or its populations and their ...changes? To provide answers to this question, it is first necessary to clarify the definitions of the three terms populations, settlement and territory, before showing their interactions by using different geo-graphical examples. Finally, it is important to show to what extent the determinants of geographical processes require consideration of these three terms.
This retrospective article points to a single aspect of József Tóth’s scientific work, to the thematic intersections that make it easier to interpret his oeuvre as a whole. Through secondary analyses ...of literature, as well as professional experiences and personal impressions gained as a student and colleague, it attempts to synthesize the professor’s scientific work related to urban reclassification and formal urbanisation. József Tóth’s influence extended beyond the academic sphere not only as a science organizer and rector, but also as a regional developer. This commemorative essay also points to the relationship between the scientist and politics, the never-ending struggles of the geographer in the formation of regional policies. József Tóth’s school-establishing activity in Pécs – also related to the practical aspects of formal urbanization – made a lasting contribution to the development of Hungarian human geography.
Cet article propose une critique des catégories territoriales utilisées dans les recensements brésiliens par l’Institut brésilien de géographie et statistique (IBGE). Les études de cas présentées ...illustrent la difficile compatibilité entre des données localisées de population et une approche géographique du peuplement. De nombreux écarts apparaissent lorsque l’on confronte des images de terrain (photographies) et satellitaires rendant compte des formes réelles d’occupation du sol aux découpages officiels distinguant les territoires urbains et ruraux. Ces décalages sont liés à plusieurs facteurs : la définition légale de l’urbain, l’agrégation des données, ainsi qu’une confusion entre population de la ville (ceux concentrés au chef-lieu du município) et population urbaine totale municipale. De tels écarts sont également la conséquence de processus historiques et d’enjeux politiques, économiques et fonciers. Ils affectent les résultats agrégés des données de recensements (population urbaine, taux d’urbanisation…), ainsi que les résultats locaux, pour chaque município. Les exemples analysés dans cet article montrent que la richesse statistique et cartographique diffusée par l’IBGE pourrait être mieux utilisée notamment pour obtenir des mesures plus cohérentes des « degrés d’urbanité » ainsi qu’une meilleure connaissance des différentes formes et densités du peuplement dans le pays.
Este artigo oferece uma crítica das categorias territoriais utilizadas nos censos brasileiros pelo Instituto Brasileiro de Geografia e Estatística (IBGE). Os estudos de caso apresentados ilustram incompatibilidades entre os dados populacionais localizados e uma abordagem geográfica do povoamento. Numerosas discrepâncias aparecem quando se compara fotografias e imagens de satélite mostrando as formas reais de uso do solo, às divisões oficiais que distinguem territórios urbanos de rurais. Estas discrepâncias estão ligadas a vários fatores: a definição legal do urbano, a agregação de dados e a confusão entre a população da cidade (aquelas concentradas na sede do município) e a população urbana municipal total. Tais discrepâncias são também consequência de processos históricos e de questões políticas, econômicas e fundiárias. Elas afetam os resultados agregados dos dados do censo (população urbana, taxa de urbanização etc.), assim como os resultados locais de cada município. Os exemplos analisados neste artigo mostram que a riqueza estatística e cartográfica disponibilizada pelo IBGE poderia ser mais bem utilizada, em particular para obter números mais coerentes quanto aos « graus de urbanidade », bem como um melhor conhecimento das diferentes formas e densidades de assentamento no país.
This article offers a critique of the territorial categories used in Brazilian censuses by the Brazilian Institute of Geography and Statistics, IBGE. The case studies presented illustrate the difficult compatibility between localized population data and a geographic approach to settlement. Numerous discrepancies appear when one compares field images (photographs) and satellite images that show the real forms of land use with official divisions that distinguish between urban and rural territories. These discrepancies are related to several factors: the legal definition of urban, the aggregation of data, and confusion between the city population (those concentrated in the capital of the municipality) and the total municipal urban population. Such discrepancies are also the consequence of historical processes and political, economic, and land issues. They affect the aggregate results of the census data (urban population, urbanization rate, etc.), as well as the local results for each municipality. The examples analyzed in this article show that the statistical and cartographic wealth disseminated by the IBGE could be better used, especially to obtain more coherent measures of « degrees of urbanity » and a better knowledge of the different forms and densities of settlement in the country.
Dr Narendra Nath Bhattacharyya breathed his last on 29 January 2023. This historical article charts to pay tribute to his professional career and contributions, who worked silently towards laying the ...foundation and building the geography of North East India.
The first book that deals with the territorial cults of early Japan by focusing on how such cults were founded in ownerless regions. Numerous ancient Japanese myths and legends are discussed to show ...that the typical founding ritual was a two-phase ritual that turned the territory into a horizontal microcosm, complete with its own ‘terrestrial heaven’ inhabited by local deities. Reversing Mircea Eliade’s popular thesis, the author concludes that the concept of the human-made horizontal microcosm is not a reflection but the source of the religious concept of the macrocosm with gods dwelling high up in the sky.
The claim that the settlements in the West Bank are gated communities might seem trivial. Those settlements are an explicit example of a community featuring, on the one hand, social cohesion based on ...shared values, while, on the other hand, self-isolation with the help of fences and a stress on the 'security of the community'. The argument of this paper, however, is different. The paper suggests that the settlement layout in the West Bank is not just an aggregate of 124 'legal' gated communities and a similar number of 'illegal outposts', but rather a single, contiguous gated community gating, in turn, Palestinian 'islands' within it. The reading I will offer seeks to look at the space in question through a careful reading of its use values. The emphasis is put on the question of mobilities in order to show how the fortressed points turn into an exclusionary web by means of separated roads and movement restrictions. By analysing the combined system of settlements, roads, military legislation, spatial design and applied violence, the paper shows how the few hundred points consolidate into one coherent spatial system. The paper wishes to contribute to the spatial analysis of the now 45-year-old Israeli occupation of the West Bank, to the growing study of politics of mobility and to the discourse of gated communities by adding colonialism and violence to the mostly neoliberal explanations of the phenomenon.
The Concept of Urban Hibernation Krzysztofik, Robert; Dymitrow, Mirek; Kantor-Pietraga, Iwona ...
European planning studies,
02/2016, Letnik:
24, Številka:
2
Journal Article
Recenzirano
Today, as a result of fast-paced societal transformations, many small towns face severe developmental challenges and an uncertain future. Departing from the broader theory of developmental ...disequilibrium, we launch the concept of urban hibernation to explain the process of periodic small-town regress. The concept-along with its key stages and turning points-is presented to the background of urbanization processes encountered in Poland. At the same time, the focus on small towns offers an alternative and more context-sensitive explication to eclectic development models inherent to larger cities. As such, we argue that the concept of urban hibernation is apt to serve as a more precise research and planning tool in the context of small towns, and particularly in the critical moments of rise and recession. By applying a historical perspective, we address the importance of proper identification of the various and ever-changing city-forming factors, including their role for spatial planning at different scales. Urban hibernation should thus be considered as an intrinsic part of the geographic environment, which, due to the volatility of its socio-economic components, transcends the traditional rural-urban divide. Our conceptual contribution may thus serve as a background for a fuller understanding of the variability and dynamics of intra-urban structures.
The development of geomorphology, human geography, history and methodology of geography, regional geography, and geographic education in Japan from 1945 to 1965 are described. Research objectives and ...methodologies of geomorphology diversified during this period. A series of natural disasters triggered by earthquakes and typhoons raised social demands for disaster prevention and national land-use management. Full-scale geomorphic studies, fused with geology and engineering, started. Historical geomorphology of lowland plains and process geomorphology began to develop, adding to traditional descriptive geomorphology. The Research Institute for Natural Resources and the Geographical Survey Institute contributed to the postwar reconstruction of geomorphology. Aerial photo interpretation and quantitative land surface analyses developed. A hierarchical landform classification for lowland plains was established and applied to many plains in Japan and developing countries, in order to predict areas subject to flooding and land use planning. The postwar education system increased the number of physical geographers. They contributed to the land classification of Japan as a whole and increased interest in Quaternary environmental changes such as climate and sea level changes, as well as crustal movements, which have produced landform diversity. In 1956, they established the Japan Association for Quaternary Research in cooperation with geologists, anthropologists, and archaeologists. Human geographical research in postwar Japan was far more active and diverse than in the prewar years. This was partly the result of an increase in academic posts devoted to human geography in relation to curriculum reforms in secondary and higher education. Initially, settlement geography was a major field of study. Subsequently, historical geography and economic geography were gradually popularized with the establishment of specialized academic societies, which were dedicated to both fields of study. Among the newly emerging fields were urban, social, and cultural geography. The history and methodology of geography were viewed as overarching fields connected to both physical and human geography. Despite ongoing diversification within geographical research, various topics in these fields were addressed by Japanese geographers. This reflected long-lasting debates concerning the disciplinary identity of geography itself. Regional geography and geographic education concerned both physical and human geography. These research fields were invigorated because of the relative importance of geography in Japan's secondary and higher education systems up to the early 1960s.
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