Tawangmangu tangerine (Citrus reticulate Blanco subsp. tawangmangu) is one of prime local fruit from Tawangmangu region, Karanganyar, Central Java. This tangerine have good appearance, easy to ...peeled, sweet flavored fruit, and high production rate. However at 1984 Tawangmangu tangerine run into depreciation of population caused by CVPD (Citrus Vein Phloem Degeneration). As a result, this variety listed as endangeredThe effort of consevation by culture tissue technique can order to obtain prime seeds that free from virus or disease. This study was aimed to understand the effect of IBA and BAP in culture medium on growth of apical and lateral shoot of Tawangmangu tangerine. The treatment provided were IBA (0 ppm, 0.5 ppm, and 1 ppm) and BAP (0 ppm, 1 ppm and 2 ppm). The treatment in this research was using complete randomized factorial design in 9 different treatment. This research resulted that added combination of IBA and BAP affecting growth of Tawangmangu tangerine but the interaction of IBA and BAP did not happen. The highest shoot length occurs on treatment IBA 1 ppm+BAP 2 ppm while when the fastest shoot appears occurs on treatment IBA 0 ppm+ BAP 2 ppm and the highest shoot formed on treatment IBA 0.5 ppm+BAP 2 ppm. Benefit of the research Efforts to conserve Tawangmangu orange plants need to be done to maintain the diversity of germplasm and support the cultivation in a manner. One technique that can support the conservation of plants is by tissue culture techniques.
Mutual leaf shading can inhibit the growth of yam, reducing tuber yield. To improve light utilization, approximately 25% of leaves in a plant were thinned during the period of maximum shoot growth. ...Shoot dry weight was estimated every two weeks using a non-destructive method. Leaf thinning caused higher shoot growth rates (SGRs) after thinning, while control plants had SGRs close to zero. The higher SGRs in the thinned plants was attributed to an increase in new leaf development. This indicates that the plateau in shoot growth commonly observed during the late growth period is reversible and could be improved artificially. In thinned plants, there was a positive relationship between shoot dry weight and SGR, although no such relationship was observed in control plants after the middle growth period. This positive correlation indicates a higher shoot growth per unit leaf area in the thinned plants than in the control plants, presumably due to improved light utilization and a higher photosynthetic rate of new leaves. However, leaf thinning reduced tuber yields, presumably because of a lower total carbon assimilation per plant and greater growth competition between shoots and tubers. High correlations between shoot dry weight and tuber yield indicated that a high shoot biomass is more important than improving light utilization for increased tuber yields.
The metabolome of early spring tea shoot, which was composed of B, L1, L2, S1 and S2, were investigated to dig out the metabolites that contributed to the growth of different shoot positions, ...revealing the tissues relied on specific as well as common metabolites for themselves growth.
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•Bud need more amino acids and energy for chloroplasts biogenesis and growth.•l-Theanine, pyroglutamic acid and 4-aminobutyric acid showed higher levels in stems.•2-KGA and 2,3-dihydroxybutanedioic acids showed higher levels in stems.•Flavonoids showed a coupling correlation with sugars in leaves.•The tissues relied on specific as well as common metabolites for themselves growth.
Tea plant (Camellia sinensis L.) is one of the three leading crop sources of non-alcoholic commercial beverages around the world. It is harvested for its young shoots and steeped into tea infusion. To reveal the metabolic characteristics of young tea shoots growing in early spring, we conducted metabolite profiling of different shoot tissues using gas chromatography–mass spectrometry and ultra-high performance liquid chromatography–tandem mass spectrometry. Metabolic profiling indicated that different tissues varied widely mainly in levels of organic acids, flavonoids, amino acids, polyols and sugars. The results suggested that the buds needed more energy and amino acids for chloroplasts’ biogenesis and expansion. The leaves accumulated large amounts of tryptophan and indoleacrylic acid, which contributed to leaf growth. They also accumulated sugars, sugar alcohols and flavonoids that contributed to tea quality. The stems accumulated gibberellin A14, l-theanine, pyroglutamic acid, 4-aminobutyric acid and glutamine, which may promote stem elongation; and stem accumulation of quinic and shikimic acids contributed to stem lignification. This study showed metabolic characteristics of tea shoot growth in spring, and revealed that different parts of the young shoot may specifically rely on tissue-specific metabolites for their growth.
BREVIS RADIX (BRX) is a small plant-specific and evolutionary conserved gene family with divergent yet partially redundant biological functions including root and shoot growth, stomatal development ...and tiller angle in plants. We characterized a BRX family gene from wheat (Triticum aestivum) by gain-of-function in Arabidopsis. Overexpression of TaBRXL2A resulted in longer primary roots with increased root meristem size and higher root growth under control and exogenous hormone treatments as compared to wild type (Col-0) plants. Overexpression lines also exhibited significant differences with the wild type such as increased rosette size, higher leaf number and leaf size. At reproductive stage, overexpression lines exhibited wider siliques and higher grain weight per plant. Under drought stress, overexpression lines exhibited enhanced drought tolerance in terms of higher chlorophyll retention and lower oxidative stress, thereby leading to significant recovery from drought stress. The analysis suggests that the inherent lower stomatal density in the leaves of overexpression lines and higher stomatal closure in response to ABA might contribute to lower water loss from the overexpression lines. Furthermore, TaBRXL2A protein showed membrane localization, presence of conserved residues at N-terminal for palmitoylation, and phosphosites in the linker region which are prescribed for its potential role in protophloem differentiation and stomatal lineage. Thus, we identified a TaBRX family gene which is involved in developmental pathways essential for plant growth, and also enhances drought tolerance in Arabidopsis.
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•BRXL2A, a member of BREVIS RADIX gene family from wheat was functionally characterized in Arabidopsis.•Overexpression of TaBRXL2A results in increased meristem size and primary root length.•TaBRXL2A positively regulates shoot growth including rosette size, leaf size, leaf number and silique width.•TaBRXL2A modulates stomatal traits such as stomatal density and sensitivity to ABA which contribute to drought tolerance.
In order to study the effects of salinity and silicon application on root characteristics, growth, proline content, leaf and root ion accumulation of purslane (Portulaca oleracea L.), a greenhouse ...experiment was conducted at Ferdowsi University of Mashhad, Iran. The experiment was carried out in a split plot design in which levels of salinity (0, 120 and 240 mM) were allocated as main plots and silicon application of 1 mM sodium silicate and no application assigned as subplots with three replications. The results indicated that salinity caused a reduction in root growth (volume, area, diameter, total and main length and root dry weight), and shoot biomass accumulation. Both root and leaf sodium (Na) content and leaf proline content increased with increasing salinity. Leaf and root potassium (K) content decreased with increasing salinity. Application of silicon improved root area, root dry weight, and leaf and root K content in the presence of salinity. It also caused a significant reduction in leaf Na content and consequently improved the K/Na ratio in leaves. Based on these results, P. oleracea has the capacity to grow in salt stress conditions and could be considered as a medicinal and vegetable for growth in harsh environments.
Tomato
INDOLE-3-ACETIC ACID9
(
SlIAA9
) is a transcriptional repressor in auxin signal transduction, and
SlIAA9
knockout tomato plants develop parthenocarpic fruits without fertilization. We ...generated
sliaa9
mutants with parthenocarpy in several commercial tomato cultivars (Moneymaker, Rio Grande, and Ailsa Craig) using CRISPR-Cas9, and null-segregant lines in the T1 generation were isolated by self-pollination, which was confirmed by PCR and Southern blot analysis. We then estimated shoot growth phenotypes of the mutant plants under different light (low and normal) conditions. The shoot length of
sliaa9
plants in Moneymaker and Rio Grande was smaller than those of wild-type cultivars in low light conditions, whereas there was not clear difference between the mutant of Ailsa Craig and the wild-type under both light conditions. Furthermore, young seedlings in Rio Grande exhibited shade avoidance response in hypocotyl growth, in which the hypocotyl lengths were increased in low light conditions, and
sliaa9
mutant seedlings of Ailsa Craig exhibited enhanced responses in this phenotype. Fruit production and growth rates were similar among the
sliaa9
mutant tomato cultivars. These results suggest that control mechanisms involved in the interaction of AUX/IAA9 and lights condition in elongation growth differ among commercial tomato cultivars.
•Organic and conventional breeding affects early vigour traits of winter wheat varieties.•Hydroponic traits correlate well with ground cover and plant height in the field.•Organically evolved ...composite cross populations have adapted to organic conditions.•Average root diameter and specific root length can differentiate wheat varietal groups.•Selection for root morphological traits may help in breeding for specific environments.
Breeding for organic systems may be done as pure line or population breeding. Early vigour, critical to organic systems, was compared for different winter wheat breeding origins in a hydroponic system, as well as in the field. Entries were: the F15 of composite cross populations (CCPs), based on high yielding (Y), high quality (Q) or Y*Q varietal intercrosses after 11 generations evolving under organic management; four organically bred; four conventionally bred baking quality varieties; a hybrid bread wheat and a high yielding variety. Hydroponic traits corresponded well with ground cover and plant height measured in the field. The organically evolved Q and YQ CCPs, organic varieties ‘Poesie’, ‘Butaro’ and ‘Tobias’ and the conventional ‘Capo’ were best suited for organic conditions. Compared to most modern varieties, CCPs had fewer seminal roots, their roots tended to be thicker and their root systems heavier, suggesting specific adaptation to penetration into deeper soil zones. Conventionally bred ‘Capo’ exhibits a diverse combination of root traits adaptive to a variable range of soil and environmental conditions, which may contribute to higher nutrient-use efficiency. Average root diameter of conventional E-varieties (0.28 mm) was significantly lower compared to organic varieties or the Q/YQ CCPs (both 0.30 mm). Specific root length of conventional E-varieties (17.5 cm mg−1) was significantly higher than for organic varieties (15.9 cm mg−1) and both differed from the Q and YQ CCPs (14.3 cm mg−1). Seminal root length and shoot length were identified as reasonable non-destructive predictors for direct selection within segregating materials and populations.
Although seasonal differences in drought damage to Japanese cedar (Cryptomeria japonica D. Don) have been well studied, the mechanisms underlying these seasonal differences remain poorly understood. ...In this study, we measured seasonal changes in current-year shoot growth; leaf mass per area (LMA); water potential at turgor loss point (Ψ
tlp
), predawn (Ψ
pre
), and midday (Ψ
mid
); osmotic potential (Ψ
s
); maximum transpiration rates; and maximum stomatal conductance in a 43-year-old Japanese cedar stand, with particular focus on the relationship between the shoot growth period and seasonal variation in Ψ
tlp
, and the turgor safety margin (Ψ
mid
- Ψ
tlp
) to identify the season in which these trees are most vulnerable to drought. Current-year shoot growth began in April, with high shoot growth continuing until August. Ψ
tlp
varied significantly throughout the year and was particularly high during the shoot growth period. Increasing LMA and decreasing Ψ
s
caused a reduction in Ψ
tlp
from autumn to winter, and Ψ
mid
dropped to approximately the level of Ψ
tlp
during the summer due to high transpiration activity, and increased with decreasing transpiration rates during the winter. Thus, the turgor safety margin was smaller in the summer than in the winter. These results suggest that Japanese cedar is most vulnerable to drought in the summer due to high Ψ
tlp
during the shoot growth period.
Light is an important factor that influences the growth and development of flowering plants. The present study investigated the effects of in vitro acclimatization to different light colors (white ...light (WL; control), blue light (BL; 447 nm), green light (GL; 519 nm), and red light (RL; 667 nm)) on the growth of petunia (Petunia hybrida) and of hardening cultivation of plant transferred form in vitro to a greenhouse under sunlight. Compared to the control, the shoot length and leaf width of Petunia increased by 42% and 11.7%, respectively, after acclimatization to BL and the shoot growth increased by 29.3% after acclimatization to RL. The chlorophyll and carotenoid contents after acclimatization to BL and GL were 16.7% and 11.3% higher, respectively, and 14.4% and 11.9% higher, respectively, than those in the control. During greenhouse cultivation, the shoot length increased by 16.7% and 11.3%, respectively, after acclimatization to BL and RL, respectively, and the leaf length and leaf width increased by 14.4% and 11.9%, respectively, after acclimatization to GL. While dry weight of root of GL and BL was not significant difference in vitro, increased by 59.0% and 22.9% ex vitro than that of WL. Thus, acclimatization to BL increased the shoot growth and leaf chlorophyll contents, and acclimatization to GL and RL enhanced shoot and root growth, in petunia.
Global warming is predicted to extend the growing season of trees and plants, and advance spring phenology. However, intensification of extreme climate events in mid-latitude forests, from weakening ...of the jet stream and atmospheric blockings, may expose trees to increased risk associated with more frequent late-spring frosts. Still, little is known regarding the intraspecific variation in frost tolerance and how it may be shaped by local adaptation to the climate of seed origin. As part of an assisted migration trial located in different bioclimatic zones in the province of Quebec, Canada, and following an extensive late-spring frost that occurred at the end of May 2021, we evaluated the frost damages on various white spruce (
Picea glauca
) seed sources tested on three sites (south, central, and north). The severity of frost damages was assessed on 5,376 trees after the cold spell and an early spring warming which advanced bud flush by approximately 10 days on average. The frost damage rate was similar among sites and seed sources and averaged 99.8%. Frost damage severity was unrelated to the latitude of seed origin but was variable among sites. The proportion of severely damaged trees was higher in the northern site, followed by central and southern sites. The proportion of severely damaged trees was linearly and inversely related to tree height before the frost event. Apical growth cancelation was not significantly different among seed sources including local ones, and averaged 74, 46, and 22%, respectively, in central, northern, and southern plantation sites. This study provides recommendations to limit the loss of plantation productivity associated with such a succession of spring climate anomalies. Implications for seed transfer models in the context of climate change and productivity of spruce plantations are discussed in the light of lack of local adaptation to such pronounced climate instability and ensuing large-scale maladaptation.
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