Recent developments in information and communication technology have sparked the notion of smart buildings; an example of which is occupant-centric control (OCC). In this approach, a control system ...acquires various data from occupants, the indoor environment, and outdoor climate, and learns or derives useful information for building control, e.g., room occupancy patterns and adaptive set-points. Ultimately, these adaptive control parameters are used to improve both occupant comfort and energy efficiency. Typical OCC approaches have been put forward in concept papers, small-scale experiments, as well as simulations. However, there are relatively few studies in which OCC is implemented in real buildings. In this article, we review OCC research, focusing on field-implementation case studies in actual buildings under realistic use conditions. First, we analyze the topical aspects of these studies, e.g., building types, location, and building systems. Next, we present a methodological review focusing on the different approaches used to implement OCC in existing building systems. Lastly, we investigate the experimental design approach of the reviewed case studies, focusing on measurement and verification techniques. Results highlight wide discrepancies in the implementation approach of OCC case studies and identify common challenges facing OCC in actual buildings. We propose future directions for OCC research by providing recommendations to address these challenges and to standardize OCC implementations.
In the energy strategy of the European Union, the end-user is envisioned as a key participant in the future electricity market (European Commission, 16). Current market designs and business models ...lack incentives and opportunities for regular electricity consumers (e.g. residential buildings) to become prosumers and actively participate in the market. Incentives should include economic and behavioural motivation beyond subsidised flat feed-in tariffs. Opportunities should allow for active participation of prosumers with relatively modest generation volumes but significant flexibility. In this paper, we propose a framework to integrate prosumer communities into the existing day-ahead and intraday markets. Using a two-stage stochastic programming approach, we incorporate the sequenced decision-making in the wholesale system under uncertainty of renewable generation and spot prices. We focus on the value of peer-to-peer (P2P) trading in the integration of prosumers in the day-ahead and intraday markets and investigate how residential battery storage contributes to local demand side flexibility in an integrated market setting. To this end, we introduce the Smart elecTricity Exchange Platform (STEP) that represents the interface between the wholesale electricity markets and the prosumer communities, and coordinates the community’s operational supply-demand decisions. A study on residential buildings in London show that both P2P trade and battery storage by themselves each induce a reduction of electricity bills by 20%–30%. Combined, P2P trade and battery storage may lead to savings of almost 60%. In other words, we find that peer-to-peer trade and flexibility options such as local storage generate higher levels of the community’s self-sufficiency.
This work proposes an innovative infrastructure of secure scenario which operates in a wireless-mobile 6G network for managing big data (BD) on smart buildings (SBs). Count on the rapid growth of ...telecommunication field new challenges arise. Furthermore, a new type of wireless network infrastructure, the sixth generation (6G), provides all the benefits of its past versions and also improves some issues which its predecessors had. In addition, relative technologies to the telecommunications filed, such as Internet of Things, cloud computing (CC) and edge computing (EC), can operate through a 6G wireless network. Take into account all these, we propose a scenario that try to combine the functions of the Internet of Things with CC, EC and BD in order to achieve a Smart and Secure environment. The major purpose of this work is to create a novel and secure cache decision system (CDS) in a wireless network that operates over an SB, which will offer the users safer and efficient environment for browsing the Internet, sharing and managing large-scale data in the fog. This CDS consisted of two types of servers, one cloud server and one edge server. In order to come up with our proposal, we study related cache scenarios systems which are listed, presented, and compared in this work.
For photovoltaic (PV) systems to become fully integrated into networks, efficient and cost-effective energy storage systems must be utilized together with intelligent demand side management. As the ...global solar photovoltaic market grows beyond 76 GW, increasing onsite consumption of power generated by PV technology will become important to maintain electricity grid stability. This review paper provides the first detailed breakdown of all types of energy storage systems that can be integrated with PV encompassing electrical and thermal energy storage systems. The integration of PV-energy storage in smart buildings is discussed together with the role of energy storage for PV in the context of future energy storage developments.
•An innovative energy management framework for operating the smart building cluster is proposed.•Optimization model of smart buildings is developed based on the non-cooperative game theory.•The ...process for solving the Nash equilibrium is modeled as a multi-objective optimization problem.•The proposed method is able to reduce the total cost of smart buildings by 4.6% and improve the load factor of the smart building cluster from 0.68 to 0.76.
In a smart grid environment, the joint operation of multiple Smart Buildings (SBs) could be more advantageous than the independent operation of each individual SB. In order to enable the joint operation, the concept of Smart Building Cluster (SBC) is introduced in this paper. An energy management framework for achieving optimal operations of SBC is proposed, and the information exchange processes between the Smart Building Cluster Operator (SBCO) and the participating SBs are described. A multi-party energy management model for SBC based on non-cooperative game theory is proposed, considering building-integrated PV systems and automatic demand response (ADR), with all participating SBs viewed as players in the game. The existence of Nash equilibrium in the game model is proved, and the process for solving the Nash equilibrium strategy is modeled as a multi-objective optimization problem (MOP). Furthermore, the solution method and procedure based on an iterative method are proposed. Finally, via a practical example, the effectiveness of the model is verified. The proposed method is able to reduce the total cost of the SBs by 4.6% and improve the load factor of the SBC from 0.68 to 0.76 when the proportion of shiftable loads is 25% in the total load profile.
Abstract
The market of smart building solutions aiming at improving the comfort, well-being and health of occupants, but also the inclusiveness and accessibility of the building to people with more ...specific needs is growing. More and more smart solutions, as well as standards, certifications and public regulations are currently being developed, but a more global and systemic approach seems to be missing. The paper reviews the status of research related to the means and methods enabling interactions with occupants in smart buildings, which feeds an iterative approach with European industry and research actors aiming at collectively identify barriers and opportunities in this area.
The paper observes the newest innovative technologies regarding buildings energy efficiency like passive building and smart home technologies. The market situation in Europe and in Bulgaria for these ...types of technologies is analyzed. The outcome of the research will serve as a milestone in developing of a methodology for determining Bulgarian society’s awareness and attitude towards their using in home, business and production buildings.
•An MILP model is formulated for energy consumption scheduling in a smart building.•Domestic appliances from multiple smart homes are considered.•Equipment operation and power consumption tasks ...starting time are scheduled.•Results from two examples indicate cost savings and power peak reduction.•Peak demand charge scheme is adopted to reduce the peak demand from grid.
Microgrid works as a local energy provider for domestic buildings to reduce energy expenses and gas emissions by utilising distributed energy resources (DERs). The rapid advances in computing and communication capabilities enable the concept smart buildings become possible. Most energy-consuming household tasks do not need to be performed at specific times but rather within a preferred time. If these types of tasks can be coordinated among multiple homes so that they do not all occur at the same time yet still satisfy customers’ requirement, the energy cost and power peak demand could be reduced. In this paper, the optimal scheduling of smart homes’ energy consumption is studied using a mixed integer linear programming (MILP) approach. In order to minimise a 1-day forecasted energy consumption cost, DER operation and electricity-consumption household tasks are scheduled based on real-time electricity pricing, electricity task time window and forecasted renewable energy output. Peak demand charge scheme is also adopted to reduce the peak demand from grid. Two numerical examples on smart buildings of 30 homes and 90 homes with their own microgrid indicate the possibility of cost savings and electricity consumption scheduling peak reduction through the energy consumption and better management of DER operation.
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