Health inequalities are the unjust and avoidable differences in people's health across the population and between specific population groups. These unjust and avoidable differences have remained a ...major issue in most resource - limited settings and Nigeria is no exception. Where health inequality is in existence, the right to the given population's highest attainable standard of health is not being enjoyed across board. The study seeks to unravel the factors responsible for health inequalities in Nigeria by critically assessing from extant literature the causes of health inequalities using Google search engine, Pubmed/Medline, Google scholar, Microsoft academia and researchgate. The results from the study indicates that the causes of health inequalities in Nigeria are multifactorial however, secioeconomic inequality is a fundamental cause of health inequality. The socioeconomic factors such as poverty, unemployment, illiteracy and place of residence reflect on and affect other components of a health system resulting into poor health outcomes (mortality, morbidity, life expectancy, and general well being). Eradicating health inequality in a country like Nigeria may not be an easy task to achieve however, should adequate steps be taken by the government, private sector and individuals to mitigate it's scourging surge by tackling underlying poverty and unemployment, wealth creation, and enacting policies that will be favourable to all. This will be the most likely way to achieve and sustain health equality in Nigeria.
The present study examined whether parents’ and bilingual children’s own relative use of the heritage language vs. the majority language in the homes of bilingual children in Denmark before school ...start explains variance in 2
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grade majority language skills and reading skills. The study included two groups of children: the Mixed bilinguals group (defined by having a native Danish and a nonnative parent,
N
= 376) and the Heritage bilinguals group (defined by having parents who were both speakers of a Heritage language,
N
= 276). Four-stage hierarchical regression analyses showed that, after accounting for type of bilingualism, socioeconomic status (SES) and home literacy environment quality, relative use of the heritage vs. the majority language explained variance in 2
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grade Danish language comprehension scores, but did not explain variance in two reading scores, namely decoding and reading comprehension. In addition, a home literacy factor denoting book exposure (number of books, frequency of reading, library visits, and age of beginning shared book reading) was a significant predictor of both 2
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grade language and reading outcomes, whereas SES became a nonsignificant predictor when adding home literacy and language use predictors. We interpret the results to mean that parents’ and the child’s own relative use of the heritage language vs. the majority language before school start does not influence bilingual children’s early reading skills, whereas a supportive early home literacy environment is a positive predictor of reading skills independently of SES and parental majority language use and skill.
In an era marked by increasing anthropogenic pressure, understanding the relations between human activities and wildlife is crucial for understanding ecological patterns, effective conservation, and ...management strategies. Here, we explore the potential and usefulness of socio-economic variables in species distribution modelling (SDM), focusing on their impact on the occurrence of wild mammals in Poland. Beyond the environmental factors commonly considered in SDM, like land-use, the study tests the importance of socio-economic characteristics of local human societies, such as age, income, working sector, gender, education, and village characteristics for explaining distribution of diverse mammalian groups, including carnivores, ungulates, rodents, soricids, and bats. The study revealed that incorporating socio-economic variables enhances the predictive power for >60 % of species and overall for most groups, with the exception being carnivores. For all the species combined, among the 10 predictors with highest predictive power, 6 belong to socio-economic group, while for specific species groups, socio-economic variables had similar predictive power as environmental variables. Furthermore, spatial predictions of species occurrence underwent changes when socio-economic variables were included in the model, resulting in a substantial mismatch in spatial predictions of species occurrence between environment-only models and models containing socio-economic variables. We conclude that socio-economic data has potential as useful predictors which increase prediction accuracy of wildlife occurrence and recommend its wider usage. Further, to our knowledge this is a first study on such a big scale for terrestrial mammals which evaluates performance based on presence or absence of socio-economic predictors in the model. We recognise the need for a more comprehensive approach in SDMs and that bridging the gap between human socio-economic dynamics and ecological processes may contribute to the understanding of the factors influencing biodiversity.
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•Human impact on environment prompts use of socio-economic data in species modelling•Socio-economic predictors are capable of enhancing wild mammal prediction accuracy•Spatial wild mammal predictions change with inclusion of socio-economic predictors•Socio-economy may aid understanding of the factors influencing biodiversity•Further research into mechanisms can offer insights for improved conservation
Climate change might have direct impacts on water quantity in Egypt and lead to indirect effects on Mediterranean saltwater intrusion to groundwater, which exposes agriculture to vulnerability. This ...study investigated impacts of climate change on agriculture, with particular regard to food security and socioeconomy, and quantified the effectiveness of cropping pattern adaptation measures by integrating three mathematical models. The BlueM model was used for hydrological simulations of Nasser Lake under flooding scenarios to predict the water supply from the High Aswan Dam. The water and salinity balance (WB-SAL) model was adopted to estimate the water salinity in the Nile Delta. The simulated results from the BlueM and WB-SAL models were integrated with the agricultural simulation model for Egypt (ASME) to project cropping patterns, food security, and socioeconomy throughout the country. The results showed that future climate change will directly affect the total crop area; crop areas for 13 crop types; the self-sufficiency of wheat, rice, cereal, and maize supplies; and socioeconomic indicators. The proposed cropping pattern adaptation measures focus on fixing the crop areas of rice and orchards and providing half of the population with lentils, maize, onion, vegetables, milk, and meat. The adaptation measures have the potential to promote food security without causing deterioration of the socioeconomic situation. However, water availability has much more significant effects on food security and socioeconomy than cropping pattern adaptation measures do. Accordingly, the country should rationalize water use efficiency and increase water supply.
Poor oral health has been reported to correlate to the body mass index (BMI) of the overweight and the obesity groups. These has yet widely studied in Indonesia. The aim of this study was to analysed ...the oral health, socioeconomy factors (FSE) and the BMI in the seemingly healthy university students in Kediri aged 18-21 years old. This cross-sectional study was conducted amongst male and female students of IIKBW, Kediri, Indonesia (n=150). We analysed their BMI from the body weight and height (kg/m2). Their oral health was determined by the DMFT index (decayed missing filled teeth index), the stimulated salivary flow rate (SSFR) and the gingival index (GI). FSE studied include father’s highest education and monthly income, tooth brushing frequency in a day and dental floss habitual use. Data was analysed using SPSS 17 with level of significance of p<0.05. No significant differences in BMI, DMFT index, SSFR and GI respectively (p=0.411;p=0.037, p=0.880, p=0.142) between male and female groups. No significant corelation BMI with DMFT index, SSFR and GI, respectively (p=0.340, p=0.420, p=0,446). FSE are not significantly correlated to either the BMI, DMFT index, SSFR orGI (p > 0.05). There were 41.8% of males and 57.8% of females have “bad” score of DMFT and 98.6% of males and 92.1% of females have “bad” score of GI; 4.1% of males and 2.6% of females have low score of SSFR.Although we found no significant differences in the BMI and oral health parameters between genders, in the seemingly healthy young adults oral health hygiene could be compromised as found in the current study indicated by bad scores of DMFT, SSFR or GI. Here we found that either BMI or FSE was not significantly correlated to any of oral health parameters measured in the current study.
A pesca artesanal no Brasil possui importí¢ncia social e econômica. O presente estudo tem como objetivo caracterizar o perfil dos pescadores artesanais de camarão-rosa, Farfantepenaeus paulensis, em ...Tramandaí, RS, Brasil. Os pescadores foram entrevistados nos anos de 2012 e 2013. A faixa etária deles foi de 45 a 58 anos, com média de 30 anos de profissão. A maioria tem filhos, possui baixa escolaridade e pretende continuar na profissão. No entanto, 92,3% dos pescadores não gostariam que seus filhos os seguissem neste ofício. Eles trabalham em média seis horas diárias, sete dias por semana. Em 2012, capturaram, por semana, cerca de 104 kg de camarão e, em 2013, 61,2 kg. Embora consigam manter suas famílias com a pesca, mostram-se insatisfeitos com a profissão. A pouca escolaridade e a falta de oportunidades em outras ocupações fazem com que não pretendam abandonar a atividade pesqueira.
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