Spain's development from a premodern society into a modern unified nation-state with an integrated economy was painfully slow and varied widely by region. Economic historians have long argued that ...high internal transportation costs limited domestic market integration, while at the same time the Castilian capital city of Madrid drew resources from surrounding Spanish regions as it pursued its quest for centralization. According to this view, powerful Madrid thwarted trade over large geographic distances by destroying an integrated network of manufacturing towns in the Spanish interior.
The book makes a major new contribution to the sociology of employment by comparing the quality of working life in European societies with very different institutional systems - France, Germany, ...Great Britain, Spain, and Sweden. It focuses in particular on skills and skill development, opportunities for training, the scope for initiative in work, the difficulty of combining work and family life, and the security of employment. Drawing on a range of nationally representative surveys, it reveals striking differences in the quality of work in different European countries. It also provides for the first time rigorous comparative evidence on the experiences of different types of employee and an assessment of whether there has been a trend over time to greater polarization between a core workforce of relatively privileged employees and a peripheral workforce suffering from cumulative disadvantage. It explores the relevance of three influential theoretical perspectives, focussing respectively on the common dynamics of capitalist societies, differences in production regimes between capitalist societies, and differences in the institutional systems of employment regulation. It argues that it is the third of these - an 'employment regime' perspective - that provides the most convincing account of the factors that affect the quality of work in capitalist societies. The findings underline the importance of differences in national policies for people's experiences of work and point to the need for a renewal at European level of initiatives for improving the quality of work. Available in OSO: http://www.oxfordscholarship.com/oso/public/content/economicsfinance/0199230102/toc.html Contributors to this volume - Martina Dieckhoff is Post-doctoral research fellow at the Danish National Institute of Social Research in Copenhagen. Duncan Gallie is an Official Fellow of Nuffield College, Oxford, and Professor of Sociology of the University of Oxford. Jean-Marie Jungblut is a researcher and project leader at the Centre of European Social Research (MZES) in Mannheim. Philip J. O'Connell is Research Professor and head of the Education and Labour Market Research Division at the Economic and Social Research Institute in Dublin. Stefani Scherer is a research fellow at Milano-Bicocca University, Department of Sociology and Social Research. Nadia Steiber is a Research Associate at the Institute of Sociology and Social Research at the Vienna University of Economics and Business Administration. Michael Tahlin is Professor of Sociology at the Swedish Institute for Social Research (SOFI), Stockholm University. Serge Paugam is Professor of sociology and Director of the Department of Doctoral Studies in Sociology at the EHESS (Paris). He is also Director of a research team on Social Inequalities in the Centre Maurice Halbwachs (CNRS/EHESS/ENS). Ying Zhou is Research Officer at Nuffield College, Oxford.
Previous studies among the Serbian population concluded that the trend of self-medication with tranquillizers and sleeping pills requires deeper study. The objective is to identify gender differences ...in socio-demographic, health, and health service predictors of self-medication with tranquillizers and sleeping pills in a Serbian population of 15 years old and above.
This was a population-based, cross-sectional study. Data was extracted from the most recently available results of the Serbian National Health Survey of 2013. Multivariate logistic regression was used to determine independent self-medication predictors.
The study included 14,623 participants, of which 51.77% were female. While 5.6% of the females reported self-medication with tranquillizers and sleeping pills, only 2.2% of males reported such practice (p<0.001). The presence of chronic disease, stress, and physical pain in the last month before the interview was significantly associated with an increased likelihood of self-medication with observed drugs in both genders. Age was the most significant socio-demographic predictor of self-medication in females, while in males it was unemployment. Women of 55-65 years of age showed a greater risk from self-medication with tranquillizers and sleeping pills in comparison to women of 15-24 years of age (aOR=4.75, 95% CI: 1.83-12.33). Unemployed males showed a greater tendency for such practice in comparison to employed (aOR=1.86, 95% CI: 1.19-2.91).
The findings highlighted predictors of self-medication with tranquillizers and sleeping pills and important differences between genders, which may contribute to the design of gender-sensitive surveillance, identification, and the prevention of such undesirable practices through evidence-based and appropriately tailored public health actions.
Spain's infamous "false chronicles" were alleged to have been unearthed in 1595 in a monastic library deep in the heart of the German-speaking territories of the Holy Roman Empire by the Jesuit ...priest Jerónimo Román de la Higuera. Though rife with anachronisms and chronological inaccuracies, these four volumes of invented "truths" about Spanish sacred history radically transformed the religious landscape in Counter-Reformation Spain and were not definitively exposed as forgeries until centuries later, after nearly two hundred years of scholarly debate.In this fascinating study, Katrina B. Olds explores the history, the author, and the legacy of one of the world's most compelling and consequential frauds. The book examines how a relatively obscure Jesuit priest so successfully fabricated a set of supposedly historical documents that they were accepted as authentic for generation after generation. In fact, the chronicles exerted such a powerful influence that they continued to shape scholarly discourse, religious practice, and local heritage throughout Spain well into the twentieth century, despite having been debunked as forgeries in the eighteenth. Olds's fascinating analysis brings together intellectual, cultural, religious, and political history while reinvigorating an ongoing debate on the uses and abuses of history and the nature of historical and religious truth.
Het manuscript van Francesco Bocchi uit 1585 vormt het begin van een reeks vroeg zeventiende-eeuwse Italiaanse geschiedenissen over de Nederlandse Opstand. Religieuze, politieke, militaire en ...commerciële factoren lagen ten grondslag aan de Italiaanse nieuwsgierigheid voor de Opstand. In deze bijdrage wordt een aspect van de bijzondere Italiaanse interesse voor het voetlicht gebracht dat nog niet goed is bestudeerd. Aan de hand van Bocchi’s handschrift zal worden aangetoond dat schrijven over het buitenland blijkbaar een geschikt middel was om actuele lokale en nationale politieke kwesties ter discussie te stellen. Het ongepubliceerde werk van Bocchi is zo’n voorbeeld van geschiedschrijving over een ander land dat de Florentijnse auteur in de gelegenheid stelde kritiek te leveren op de gang van zaken in het Spaans-Habsburgse leger en het Spaanse beleid in Italië.
Le premier ouvrage historique italien sur la Révolte des Pays-Bas par Francesco Bocchi : la chronique d’une guerre ou la biographie d’un héros de guerre ?
Le manuscrit de Francesco Bocchi de 1585 est le premier d’une série de chroniques italiennes sur la Révolte des Pays-Bas datant du début du XVIIe siècle. Des éléments religieux, politiques, militaires et commerciaux expliquent la curiosité italienne pour la Révolte. Le présent article traite un aspect de cet extraordinaire intérêt italien, qui n’a pas encore été bien étudié. Le manuscrit de Bocchi montre qu’écrire sur l’étranger était apparemment un bon moyen pour mettre en cause des questions politiques locales et nationales de l’époque. L’oeuvre non publiée de Bocchi est un exemple d’une historiographie sur un autre pays qui donnait à l’auteur florentin la possibilité de critiquer le cours des choses dans l’armée hispano-habsbourgeoise ainsi que la politique espagnole en Italie.
The First Italian History of the Dutch Revolt by Francesco Bocchi : Chronicle of a War or Biography of a War Hero ?
Francesco Bocchi’s manuscript from 1585 marks the beginning of a host of early seventeenth century Italian histories of the Dutch Revolt. Religious, political, military, and commercial factors underlay the Italian curiosity about the Revolt. This article centres on an aspect of the extraordinary Italian interest that has not been well studied so far. It will be demonstrated, based on Bocchi’s manuscript, that writing about foreign countries proved to be an appropriate way to bring current local and national political issues up for discussion. Bocchi’s unpublished work is a typical example of writing history of another country that enabled the Florentine author to criticize the state of affairs in the Spanish-Habsburg army and Spanish policies in Italy.
Reijner Cees. Het eerste Italiaanse geschiedwerk over de Opstand: Francesco Bocchi’s kroniek van een oorlog of biografie van een Italiaanse oorlogsheld?. In: Revue belge de philologie et d'histoire, tome 95, fasc. 2, 2017. Histoire Médiévale, Moderne et Contemporaine – Middleleeuwse, Moderne en Hedendaagse Geschiedenis. pp. 297-320.
In this compelling book Stanley G. Payne offers the first comprehensive narrative of Soviet and Communist intervention in the revolution and civil war in Spain. He documents in unprecedented detail ...Soviet strategies, Comintern activities, and the role of the Communist party in Spain from the early 1930s to the end of the civil war in 1939.
Drawing on a very broad range of Soviet and Spanish primary sources, including many only recently available, Payne changes our understanding of Soviet and Communist intentions in Spain, of Stalin's decision to intervene in the Spanish war, of the widely accepted characterization of the conflict as the struggle of fascism against democracy, and of the claim that Spain's war constituted the opening round of World War II. The author arrives at a new view of the Spanish Civil War and concludes not only that the Democratic Republic had many undemocratic components but also that the position of the Communist party was by no means counterrevolutionary.
Au début du XVIe siècle, les princes de la maison de Bourgogne-Habsbourg, Philippe le Beau et son fils Charles, effectuent plusieurs voyages à destination de l’Espagne, voyages qui vont radicalement ...transformer l’horizon de leurs possibles politiques. Philippe deviendra roi-consort de Castille avec son épouse Jeanne, Charles souverain de tous les royaumes espagnols en tant qu’héritier des Rois Catholiques. L’acquisition d’un titre, d’une dignité et de pouvoirs royaux constitue, depuis au moins la seconde partie du règne de Philippe le Bon, l’un des objectifs politiques majeurs des souverains des Pays-Bas. Cet article examine comment, alors que cette couronne apparaît comme plus tangible que jamais, les auteurs de cour gravitant autour de Philippe le Beau et Charles de Habsbourg élaborent des récits du voyage de leurs maîtres vers la Péninsule ibérique. Ils y dessinent une stature et une image royale permettant de légitimer Philippe et Charles dans leur nouvelle fonction. Ces auteurs font également émerger un modèle de monarchie particulier, qu’ils inscrivent à la croisée de l’action politique menée par les ducs de Bourgogne et les Rois catholiques, et qu’ils lient solidement à ce qu’ils considèrent comme les forces vives d’Espagne : les Grands et les Cortès. Ces auteurs témoignent enfin d’un moment d’intense réflexion politique dans les Pays-Bas, particulièrement centré sur la royauté, quelques temps seulement avant que l’élection impériale de Charles (désormais Quint) ne rebatte à nouveaux les cartes d’un imaginaire politique en mutation constante.
De leeuw eindelijk gekroond. Politiek denken en koninklijke beeldvorming tijdens de eerste Spaanse reizen van de Habsburgs-Bourgondische vorsten.
Aan het begin van de 16e eeuw brengen opeenvolgende reizen Filips de Schone en zijn zoon Karel naar het Spaanse schiereiland, een land waar hun politieke horizon drastisch wordt verlegd. Dankzij zijn huwelijk met Johanna wordt Filips er koning gemaal van Castilië ; Karel, op zijn beurt, zal als erfgenaam van de Katholieke Koningen over alle Spaanse koninkrijken heersen. Ten minste sinds de tweede helft van de regeerperiode van Filips de Goede behoorden koninklijke titel, waardigheid en macht tot de belangrijkste politieke doelstellingen van de hertogen van Bourgondië. Dit artikel onderzoekt hoe schrijvers aan het hof van Filips en Karel de reizen van hun meesters naar het Spaanse schiereiland verhalen op het ogenblik dat de felbegeerde kroon eindelijk binnen bereik ligt. Om beide heersers’ legitimiteit in hun nieuwe functie te benadrukken, schetsen de auteurs een nieuw beeld van het koningschap. Zij scheppen daarbij een eigen model voor de monarchie, gebaseerd op de politieke ondernemingen en ambities van zowel de hertogen van Bourgondië als de Katholieke Koningen. Een bijzondere nadruk ligt ook op de rol van de politieke krachten in Spanje : de Grandes en de Cortes. Het werk van deze schrijvers getuigt van de intense politieke beschouwingen omtrent koningschap die in de Nederlanden plaatsvonden vóór de keizerlijke verkiezing van Karel de kaarten van de politieke beeldvorming enkele jaren later eens te meer door elkaar schudde.
The Lion Finally Crowned. Political Thought and Royal Imaginary during the First Spanish Journeys of the Princes of the House Burgundy-Habsburg.
In the beginning of the 16th century, the princes of the House of Burgundy-Habsburg, Philip the Fair and his son Charles, travelled several times to Spain. These travels radically transformed the scope of their political possibilities. Philip became king consort of Castile, along with his spouse Joanna, while Charles, as heir to the Catholic Kings, seized the crowns of all the Spanish Kingdoms. At least since the second half of Philip the Good’s reign, the main political objective of the rulers of the Low Countries was the acquisition of a royal title, dignity, and power. This paper examines how, at a time when such a crown was in their reach, the courtly authors of Philip the Fair and Charles of Habsburg wrote elaborate travel accounts of their masters’ journeys to Spain. In their narrations, they created a royal figure and image that legitimated their masters’ place in their new function. They also established a new distinctive model of monarchy, which they inscribed at the crossroads of the political actions of the Dukes of Burgundy and those of the Catholic Kings. Furthermore, they connected this type of kingship to what they considered to be the main political forces of Spain : the Grandees and the Spanish Cortes. Lastly, their narratives capture a time of intense reflection on monarchical politics in the Low Countries shortly before the Imperial Election of Charles v redesigned the political landscape.
Changing land use is increasingly known to affect on-site landscape properties, nevertheless off-site effects are often neglected. A single process landscape evolution model (LandscApe ProcesS ...modelling at mUlti dimensions and scaleS (LAPSUS)) is used to explore the impacts of land use changes on landscape and soil properties. Examples are shown for both on-site as well as off-site effects of land use change and the influence of different pathways of change. A case study area near Álora, in the province of Málaga, south Spain is selected. In this area the main land use consists of citrus, olive/almond, wheat, semi-natural vegetation and a rest group (bare, river beds, urban). For a period of 10 years LAPSUS calculates soil redistribution (erosion and sedimentation) for different scenarios of input parameters. These inputs are a digital elevation model (e.g. slope lengths and angles), precipitation, soil erodibility, and land use related infiltration. For each scenario, different assumptions are made on direction and rate of land use change. As an example, effects of abandonment of olive orchards are demonstrated, simulating both a fast and gradual change for a period of 10 years. Each scenario produces different spatial and temporal patterns of total amounts of erosion and sedimentation throughout the landscape. As a result, potential land use related parameters like soil depth, infiltration and flooding risk change significantly too. The scenario of an abrupt change produces the highest erosion rates compared to the gradual change scenario and the baseline scenario. However, because of the multi-dimensional characteristics of the landscape, not only the area suffering from land use changes is affected. Increasing erosion and run-off rates from upstream-located olive orchards have an impact on down slope local run-on, erosion and sedimentation rates. In this case, the citrus orchards situated in the valley bottom locally suffer damages from re-sedimentation events but benefit from the increase in run-on water and nutrients. Concluding, off-site effects from an exogenous driven change in land use (EC subsidies) can trigger endogenous land use changes in adjacent areas.
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