Istraživanje antimikrobnih učinaka biljnih ekstrakata i spojeva u proteklih nekoliko desetljeća zaokuplja interes brojnih znanstvenika zbog sve veće otpornosti bakterija na antibiotike. Najčešći i ...najviše proučavani sekundarni biljni metabolite su polifenoli – brojna i raznolika skupina fitokemikalija s dokazanim antibakterijskim djelovanjem. Međutim, istraživači koji proučavaju antimikrobni učinak prirodnih spojeva biljnoga podrijetla susreću se s brojnim preprekama, koje je potrebno prepoznati i izbjeći. Na rezultate ispitivanja antimikrobne osjetljivosti mogu utjecati brojni čimbenici, a izbor odgovarajuće metode ispitivanja od presudnog je značaja. Nepostojanje postupnika/smjernica za testiranje antimikrobnog učinka bioaktivnih prirodnih spojeva uvelike utječe na ujednačenost, analizu i usporedbu brojnih objavljenih rezultata. U načelu, samo primjena standardiziranih metoda osigurava dobivanje pouzdanih rezultata. Cilj je ovoga preglednog rada sustavno i kritički prikazati različite metode koje se koriste za ispitivanje antimikrobnog učinka polifenola te istaknuti potrebu za njihovom standardizacijom.
As multidrug resistance gains momentum, the last two decades have seen an ever-growing interest in the antimicrobial properties of plant extracts and plant-derived compounds. Most of the focus is on ...polyphenols – a large and diverse group of phytochemicals with strong antibacterial activity. Testing methods provide reliable results as long as they follow standard procedures. However, methods and procedures used in antimicrobial susceptibility testing (AST) are often too diverse to allow comparison of results. The lack of uniformity and comparability is much owed to the absence of guidelines. The focus of this review is to give a critical overview of different methods used in the assessment of polyphenols antimicrobial efficacy and to highlight the importance of their standardisation.
Settlement names are the type of geographical names or toponyms that people come across most often. In Slovenia, their unification or standardization is handled by the Commission for Standardization ...of Geographical Names of the Government of the Republic of Slovenia, which is based at the Anton Melik Geographical Institute of the Research Centre of the Slovenian Academy of Sciences and Arts. The Commission operates mainly on the basis of UN resolutions on geographical names, Slovenian orthography and Slovenian legislation on geographical names, and publishes standardized geographical names in standardization documents (such as maps and gazetteers) and online on the Surveying and Mapping Authority of the Republic of Slovenia. There are more than 6,000 settlement names in Slovenia, a fifth of which are disputed for various reasons and should be corrected.The book ('Disputed names of settlements in Slovenia') first discusses basic terms in the field of geographical names, especially settlement names, then describes the methodology for determining disputed settlement name in Slovenia and proposes corrected names of disputed names, and finally presents standardized names on maps at a scale of 1: 1,000,000 and 1:250,000 and in the Register of Geographical Names or REZI, which is the largest database of geographical names in Slovenia.
Croatian exonyms are Croatian adapted names of foreign geographical features that differ from their original names (endonyms). The writing, use, and treatment of exonyms are not always unambiguous, ...unique, systematic, and consistent. Thus, authors and editors of maps and atlases frequently face the question of should they choose an exonym (and which one), an endonym, or both. They resolve them by entering various exonym forms, using both forms of names (exonyms and endonyms), or omitting exonyms even when they exist. This situation is a direct outcome of having multiple names and of the different use of exonyms. Double naming can be the result of the complex status of toponyms in multilingual areas and of a vague boundary between current and historical exonyms. Until recently, the problems of writing and the use of exonyms were usually simply stated and confirmed by scarce examples. The purpose of this article is to stress out the need to apply a systematic approach to exonym research methodology. The aim is to highlight the open questions on writing and the use of Croatian exonyms by analysing general and school world atlases published in the last forty years, and to confirm them with representative examples. As the analysis indicates, writing and the use of many exonyms in our world atlases is quite chaotic. This is a consequence of having unstandardized exonyms and overly general orthographic rules and toponymic guidelines for exonyms. All mentioned should be in the focus of a national interdisciplinary authority that would carry out the standardization of all Croatian geographical names as well as exonyms.
Hrvatski egzonimi su hrvatska prilagođena imena stranih geografskih
objekata koja se razlikuju od izvornih imena (endonima). Pisanje, uporaba i tretman egzonima nisu uvijek jednoznačni, ujednačeni, sustavni
i dosljedni. Stoga se autori i urednici karata i atlasa često suočavaju
s pitanjima trebaju li rabiti egzonim (i koji), endonim ili oba imena. Rješavaju ih upisivanjem različitih oblika egzonima, upotrebljavanjem oba oblika imena (egzonima i endonima) te izostavljanjem egzonima i kada
oni postoje. Takvo je stanje izravna posljedica višeimenosti i različite uporabe egzonima. Dvostruko imenovanje može biti rezultat složenog statusa toponima u višejezičnim područjima i nejasne granice između suvremenih i povijesnih egzonima. Problematika pisanja i uporabe egzonima donedavno se uglavnom samo konstatirala i potkrjepljivala malim
brojem primjera. Svrha rada je uputiti na nužnost primjene sustavnog pristupa metodologiji istraživanja egzonima. Cilj rada je analizom općih
i školskih atlasa svijeta objavljenih u posljednjih četrdesetak godina istaknuti otvorena pitanja o pisanju i uporabi hrvatskih egzonima te ih potvrditi reprezentativnim primjerima. Kako pokazuje analiza, pisanje i uporaba mnogih egzonima u našim atlasima svijeta prilično je kaotično. To je posljedica nepostojanja standardiziranih egzonima te nedovoljno detaljnih pravopisnih pravila i toponimskih smjernica za egzonime. Sve bi navedeno trebao biti interes nacionalnog interdisciplinarnog povjerenstva koje bi provodilo standardizaciju svih hrvatskih geografskih imena, tako i egzonima.
Mass customization (MC) is gaining steadyattention in both industry and academia. Recently,MC implementation guidelines (MC-IGs) have been identified as an emerging sub-stream of MC research. A ...review of thissub-stream has beenpublishedin the current year,with a practitioner-oriented view. The present paper complementsthat review by focusing on the researchers’ need to improve the way MC-IGs are developed and communicated. By providing data generated from asystematic literature review on MC-IGs,the present paper informs researchers abouthow much and in which way certain aspectsof MC-IGs havebeen considered in the available guidelines. Through a systematic and detailed description of the published MC-IGs, the present article supports researchers to clearly communicatethesimilarities and differences intheir proposed advancements on MC-IGs. Finally, by reflecting on the very nature of the output of MC-IG research,this article suggests open and wide adoption ofthe design science research strategy to develop and test MC-IGs.
To be accurate and equivalent, laboratory results should be traceable to higher-order references. Furthermore, their quality should fulfill acceptable measurement uncertainty as defined to fit the ...intended clinical use. With this aim,
diagnostics (IVD) manufacturers should define a calibration hierarchy to assign traceable values to their system calibrators and to fulfill during this process uncertainty limits for calibrators, which should represent a proportion of the uncertainty budget allowed for clinical laboratory results. It is therefore important that, on one hand, the laboratory profession clearly defines the clinically acceptable uncertainty for relevant tests and, on the other hand, end-users may know and verify how manufacturers have implemented the traceability of their calibrators and estimated the corresponding uncertainty. Important tools for IVD traceability surveillance are quality control programmes through the daily verification by clinical laboratories that control materials of analytical systems are in the manufacturer's declared validation range Internal Quality Control (IQC) component I and the organization of External Quality Assessment Schemes meeting metrological criteria. In a separate way, clinical laboratories should also monitor the reliability of employed commercial systems through the IQC component II, devoted to estimation of the measurement uncertainty due to random effects, which includes analytical system imprecision together with individual laboratory performance in terms of variability.
U radu je prikazan proces razvoja mjernog instrumenta za pravovremenu identifikaciju problema u ponašanju učenika osnovnih škola, sa svrhom primjerenog poduzimanja potrebnih socijalnopedagoških ...intervencija. Radi se o Upitniku za procjenu potreba učenika za socijalnopedagoškim intervencijama – verziji za učenike koji je kreiran i evaluiran u cilju standardizacije, planiranja i praćenja uspješnosti socijalnopedagoških intervencija u osnovnoj školi. Istraživanje je provedeno na uzorku 3301 učenika trećih, petih i sedmih razreda 43 osnovne škole iz 13 hrvatskih županija. Konačna verzija Upitnika sadrži 42 čestice koje mjere odnos učenika s vršnjacima, odnos prema obrazovanju, odnos prema obvezama, odnos s roditeljima, razinu roditeljske podrške, otvorenost u komunikaciji i interesima, odnos s razrednikom, zadovoljstvo sobom i permisivnost u odgoju. Pouzdanost, valjanost i objektivnost upitnika je zadovoljavajuća (Cronbach Alpha iznosi ,894).
Učenici su prema postignutim rezultatima na Upitniku grupirani u 3 skupine (učenike s poremećajima u ponašanju, učenike s teškoćama u ponašanju i učenike koji ne manifestiraju probleme u ponašanju). Utvrđeno je da prema tom kriteriju u hrvatskim osnovnim školama prosječno ima 12,88% učenika s problemima u ponašanju. U radu su ponuđene norme za grupiranje učenika u kategorije specifično vezano uz dob i spol učenika koje će se doraditi tijekom daljnje provedbe projekta.
V raziskavi smo analizirali izobraževanje odraslih v Republiki Hrvaški. Čeprav se izobraževanje odraslih na Hrvaškem dokaj dobro pravno urejeno in podprto in imamo razvito mrežo ustanov, ki se ...ukvarjajo izključno z izobraževanjem odraslih in/ali izvajajo izobraževanje odraslih, se kažejo različne težave. Pri snovanju usmeritev v izobraževanju odraslih najpogosteje srečamo domnevo, da so odrasli homogena skupina, kar pa ne drži. Kategorija obsega tako mladostnike, stare nad 15 let (če niso vključeni v srednješolsko izobraževanje), kakor tudi osebe v tretjem življenjskem obdobju. Odrasli se razlikujejo tudi po spolu, kar ni zanemarljivo, kadar govorimo o potrebah nezaposlenih, predvsem žensk. Pri standardizaciji izobraževanja odraslih je validacija po spolu pogosto zanemarjena. Na izobraževanje na vseh ravneh vplivajo tudi kompleksni odnosi v globalizaciji. To postane očitno pri poskusih udejanjanja listin (deklaracij) v tranzicijskih deželah, ki skušajo doseči standarde, kakršni so v veljavi v deželah s trdno tradicijo. V standardizaciji pa se skriva tudi nevarnost, da prezremo kulturo in družbene okoliščine neke dežele. Občutljivost in upoštevanje okoliščin so v osrčju izobraževanja (odraslih); potrebno je ustvariti nove strategije, da bomo premostili razlike med globalnimi usmeritvami in vsakodnevno prakso.