U radu se analizira životno i književno djelovanje slavonskog preporoditelja Matije Antuna Relkovića (1732.-1798.) i analizira njegov Satyr iliti divji čovik u kontekstu preporodnih kretanja u ...Slavoniji toga vremena. Donose se ključni podatci iz Relkovićeva životopisa i posebno obrađuju slovopisna rješenja u Satyru u odnosu na standardizacijske procese u hrvatskom književnom jeziku. Osobito se obraća pažnja na vojne termine koje je Relković posebno obradio i nastojao iz njemačkih izvornika pronaći odgovarajuće hrvatske riječi za njih.
Jogurt je dobar prehrambeni izvor makro i mikro elemenata. Međutim, udio mineralnih tvari u jogurtu može varirati ovisno o tehnološkoj obradi koja se koristi pri njegovoj proizvodnji. U skladu s tim, ...cilj ove studije bio je usporediti sadržaj nekih makro (Ca, K i Mg) i mikro (As, Cd, Co, Fe, Mn, Ni, Pb, Se, V i Zn) elemenata u suhoj tvari jogurta standardiziranom primjenom sljedeće četiri metode: (1) dodavanjem obranog mlijeka u prahu; (2) koncentriranjem mlijeka uparivanjem u vakuumu; (3) koncentriranjem koaguluma jogurta u sirarskoj vreći; i (4) koncentriranjem koaguluma jogurta mehaničkim centrifugiranjem. Najveći sadržaj makro elemenata utvrđen je u jogurtu proizvedenom metodom 1, dok je najveći sadržaj većine mikro elemenata utvrđen u jogurtu proizvedenom metodom 4. Rezultati ove studije pokazali su da se sadržaj mineralnih tvari u jogurtu može podešavati primjenom različitih metoda standardizacije suhe tvari.
Cilj je rada istražiti probleme emancipacije crnogorskog jezika i autokefalne Crnogorske pravoslavne crkve kao ključnih nositelja crnogorskog nacionalnog identiteta, ali i kao kategorija koje ukazuju ...na duboku podijeljenost crnogorskog društva. Nakon kratkog pregleda crnogorske povijesti i analize rezultata popisa stanovništva u posljednjih pedeset godina u poglavlju o crnogorskom jeziku prikazan je još uvijek nedovršeni proces implementacije standardnoga jezika. Poseban je naglasak stavljen na recepciju Petra II. Petrovića Njegoša i donedavnu ulogu dviju suprotstavljenih nacionalnih akademija znanosti, čije je postojanje između ostalog pridonijelo onemogućavanju istinske provedbe jezične standardizacije. U poglavlju o Crnogorskoj pravoslavnoj crkvi razrađeni su argumenti u prilog postojanja Crnogorske pravoslavne crkve, kao i argumenti njezinoga glavnog osporavatelja, Srpske pravoslavne crkve, uz navođenje utjecaja templara kao primjera zajednice koja je lokalnoj pravoslavnoj crkvi dala snažan pečat.
The article discusses the issues related to the development of Croatian firefighting terminology, with a special emphasis on the concepts of flashover and backdraft. As well as a number of other ...similar terms from the given field, those two terms are used as direct loanwords from English among the firefighting specialists and practitioners. At the same time, several alternative Croatian variants are in use for the concepts those lexical items denote. Since firefighting terminology is a field that particularly suffers from the lack of codification and terminological standardization, the paper analyzes the conceptual structure of those specific concepts, in addition to the advantages and disadvantages of several existing Croatian equivalents. The conclusion contains a proposed terminological solution.
The aim of this dissertation is to examine the quantitative and qualitative aspects of the influence of the English language on the Serbian language for Banking and Finance. Our état de langue ...contact-contrastive research includes microlinguistic as well as macrolinguistic analysis of the contacts of the two Languages for Occupation and Science. The analysis is based on a corpus of contemporary anglicisms which come from the wide range of sources. In our research, we have used the following methods: descriptive, contactcontrastive, comparative, analytical and statistical method. The thesis sets out with an overview of the theoretical framework of language contact studies, as well as our extention and improvement of the existing theories, primarily through the introduction of the terms “EOS contacteme” and “terminological contacteme” as the basic units of contact of Languages for Specific Purposes, i.e. Languages for Occupation and Science. The analysis of corpus anglicisms is done within graphological-phonological, morphological and semantic-pragmatic language levels. Special attention is paid to lexical and semantic-pragmatic segments of the analysis because they represent the basis for contemporary approach to the analysis of terminology of the Language for Specific Purposes (Banking and Finance). In our dissertation we have described new types of language contacts and linguistic borrowing we have discovered. We have also explored the existing, and offered novel criteria for formation and evaluation of terms. One of the most significant achievements of the thesis is The Selective Dictionary of Terminological Contactemes of the Serbian Language for Banking and Finance. This is a Dictionary of identification, description and classification, which includes more than 800 terminological contactemes of the Serbian Language for Banking and Finance. Each of the contactemes is analysed within around fifty different categories. The results of the analysis show that there are more Serbian contactemes which are formed within the process of borrowing and adaptation of the terms from English than those which originate in translation from English. It is a well-known fact that English is a lingua franca of the world’s bankingfinancial professional community. As opposed to English, the Serbian Language for Banking and Finance is of local importance only, being under strong influence of English. The main features of the Serbian Language for Banking and Finance are disorganized, nonstandardized terminology and indifference of its users for its proper formation and usage. For this reason, in our Dictionary we have offered suggestions for more than four hundred standardized terms of the Serbian Language for Banking and Finance, as well as our view of the systematic approach to the standardization of this very present and important Language for Occupation and Science. Our suggestions for Serbian for Banking and Finance terminology formation are based on the principle of giving priority to the Serbian autochthonous language potential, followed by internationalisms, including integration of justified anglicisms and segregation of the injustified ones. Finally, it is our opinion that in this way the Serbian language and the Serbian Cyrillic alphabet are directly being fostered and improved.
Cilj ove disertacije jeste da istraži kvantitativne i kvalitativne aspekte uticaja engleskog jezika na srpski jezik bankarstva i finansija. Naše sinhronijsko kontaktno-kontrastivno proučavanje uključuje, kako mikrolingvističku, tako i makrolingvističku analizu kontakata dva jezika struke i nauke. Analiza je zasnovana na korpusu novijih anglicizama koji dolaze iz izvora širokog opsega. U radu koristimo sledeće metode: deskriptivnu, kontaktno-kontrastivnu, analitičku, komparativnu i statističku metodu. Rad polazi od pregleda teorijskih osnova istraživanja jezika u kontaktu, kao i našeg unapređenja i proširenja postojećih teorija, pre svega kroz uvođenje termina „kontaktonisema“ i „kontaktoterminema“, kao glavnih kontaktnih jedinica jezika za posebne namene, odnosno jezika struke i nauke. Analiza korpusnih anglicizama izvršena je na grafološko-fonološkom, morfološkom i semantičko-pragmatičkom nivou. Posebna pažnja posvećena je leksičkim i semantičko-pragmatičkim segmentima analize, kao savremenom pristupu u analizi terminologije jezika za posebne namene (bankarstva i finansija). U disertaciji smo opisali nove vrste jezičkih kontakata i pozajmljivanja koje smo otkrili. Takođe smo istražili postojeće i ponudili naše kriterijume za formiranje i vrednovanje termina. Jedno od najznačajnih dostignuća ovoga rada jeste Selektivni rečnik kontaktoterminema srpskog jezika bankarstva i finansija. Ovo je rečnik identifikacije, deskripcije i klasifikacije koji uključuje preko 800 kontaktoterminema srpskog jezika bankarstva i finansija. Svaka od njih je analizirana u okviru pedesetak različitih kategorija. Rezultati analize korpusa pokazuju da je više onih srpskih kontaktema koje su nastale preuzimanjem iz engleskog jezika uz preoblikovanje, nego onih koje su nastale prevođenjem sa engleskog jezika. Engleski jezik jeste lingva franka svetske bankarsko-finansijske zajednice. Nasuprot njemu, srpski jezik ima značaj isključivo u komunikaciji lokalnog tipa, pod snažnim je uticajem engleskog jezika, odlikuje se nesređenom i nestandardizovanom terminologijom i nebrigom od strane svojih korisnika. Zato smo u našem rečniku dali predloge za oko četiri stotine standardizovanih termina srpskog jezika bankarstva i finansija, kao i naše viđenje sistematizovanog pristupa standardizaciji ovog zaista vrlo važnog i prisutnog jezika struke i nauke. Naši predlozi za stvaranje terminologije srpskog jezika bankarstva i finansija su zasnovani na načelu davanja prvenstva srpskom autohtonom jezičkom materijalu, zatim internacionalizmima, uz integraciju objektivno potrebnih i segregaciju objektivno nepotrebnih anglicizama. Naposletku, smatramo da se na ovaj način neposrednim putem čuvaju i unapređuju srpski jezik i srpska ćirilica.
Današnji uvjeti na globalnom tržištu zahtijevaju što kraći period razvoja novog proizvoda, njegovu proizvodnju u najkraćem mogućem vremenu te prihvatljivu cijenu koju kupac može platiti. To se može ...postići korištenjem standardnih dijelova-elemenata u fazi razvoja proizvoda, standardnih alata i naprava, suvremenih metoda organizacije proizvodnje itd. Izračun koeficijenta standardizacije, kao bez dimenzijske veličine,omogućava u fazi razvoja proizvoda da se jednostavnom matematičkom jednadžbom izračuna i uspoređuju različite vrijednosti koje se dobiju ugradnjom standardnih dijelova u nekom proizvodu, a time i korisnost koja se time postiže.
This doctoral dissertation explores the Dictionary of Serbo-Croatian Literary and Vernacular Language of the Serbian Academy of Sciences and Arts, as the most significant venture in contemporary ...Serbian lexicography, and its impact on the process of standardization of the Serbian language in the 19th and the 20th century. Set within this framework, the dissertation is aimed to provide the basis for the examination of the relationship between the methods for compiling thesaurus-type dictionaries and the corresponding levels of descriptive norm. The dissertation is based on the view regarding the Dictionary of the Serbian Academy as an authoritative reference work with an extensive treatment of the Serbian lexical stock and a specific set of linguistic distinctions related to their form, meaning and function. Following that view, we approached the analysis of the Dictionary from two aspects: 1) historical, regarding it not only as a vast project of building a representative corpus of Serbian literary and vernacular language of the 19th and the 20th century, but also as an evolution of empirical findings concerning the lexical system based on the corpus, and 2) lexicographic, viewing it as a presentation of a systematic lexicographic treatment of lexis according to levels of linguistic realization. In presenting the historical development of the Dictionary of the Serbian Academy, our purpose was to bring to light the philological and linguistic tenets which have proved to be crucial for its role in the standardization of the Serbian language, as well as to point to particular systematic procedures applied in the existing eighteen volumes, which have shown themselves to be relevant to the standardization of the theoretical description of the Serbian language. Due to the complexity of our subject of research, as well as to a considerable historical time span involved, the dissertation has been divided into two Parts. Such conception also conditioned the selection of methodological procedures to be applied in the analysis. Part One, under the title Historical aspects of the standardization of the Serbian language in the Dictionary of the Serbian Academy, presents a historical account of the development of Serbian lexicography in the second half of the 19th and the first half of the 20th century. The preparatory work on the Dictionary of the Serbian Academy underwent six stages, during the period starting from 1847, marking the original conception of the Dictionary, to 1959, which saw the publication of Volume One. Within each stage, we have identified the ideas governing the development of contemporary lexicographic methods, and we have also outlined the portraits of the shapers of the Dictionary ‒ distinguished linguists who had established those methods and integrated them into the process of compiling the Dictionary. The description of the above-mentioned milestones in the making of the Dictionary has been placed within a larger historical context of events that have eventually proved critical for the lexicographic work in particular and for the functioning of the Department of Social Sciences and the Humanities of the Serbian Academy of Sciences and Arts in general. This part of the dissertation is based on a variety of source materials: unpublished archive material pertinent to the Dictionary of the Serbian Academy (reports, correspondence, etc.), hand-written materials (word collections and word lists), as well as printed documents concerning the compilation of the Dictionary (the so-called “preliminary notes”, annual reports, etc.). Moreover, some of the sources have been mentioned or cited for the very first time in this dissertation. Viewing all these types of sources as a unified whole enabled us to present the preparatory work on the Dictionary of the Serbian Academy in the form of a detailed history of ideas regarding both the composition of the lexical system and the structure of the descriptive dictionary. The first part of the dissertation also includes a chapter entitled Lexical source material for the Dictionary of the Serbian Academy: historical overview, cumulation, composition, which presents the analysis of lexical source material for the Dictionary from the corpus-oriented perspective. Namely, a general structural model of dictionary sources was established at the turn of the 20th century by S. Novaković and A. Belić. Following the tenet whereby the Serbian language comprises two main idioms, literary and vernacular, they divided the source materials for the Dictionary into two distinct types: printed sources and word collections. Within each type, a specific system of classification and evaluation had been developed according to principles of lexical differentiation. The outlined model underlies an in-depth analysis of the dictionary sources carried out in this part of the dissertation. On the grounds of Belić’s system of annotation of printed material according to genre, we have examined 3,665 printed sources (literary and scientific works), which represent the material for the compilation of the Dictionary to this day. Our findings have been presented in the form of a diagram demonstrating the full complexity of thematic, functional-stylistic and other types of differentiation within the corpus of printed materials for the compilation of the Dictionary. Moreover, we have given an overview of word collections in the dictionary corpus in the form of dialectological maps charting the distribution of various Štokavian dialects represented by the dictionary sources of Serbian vernacular language. The aim of the investigation undertaken in Part One of the dissertation has concerned presenting the six stages of preparatory work on the Dictionary of the Serbian Academy as a key historical factor with regard to the collection and examination of the lexical stock of the contemporary Serbian language. Furthermore, we have endeavoured to present the source materials for the compilation of the Dictionary as a corpus of texts that had been modelled so as to be representative for the Serbian language as a whole. Finally, our research findings enabled us to display a general picture of functional-stylistic, distributional and historical diversity of its source material. Part Two, under the title Lexicographic aspects of the standardization of the Serbian language in the Dictionary of the Serbian Academy, contains the analysis of lexicographic procedures which are directly related to the standardization of grammatical description of the Serbian language. The motivation to explore the grammatical level of language was due to its historical foundations in the Dictionary of the Serbian Academy, which suggested the existence of a deeper relationship between the methodology of semantic description of lexical items and their grammatical categorization in the contemporary Serbian lexicography. The nature of that relationship has been investigated in the following manner. From the corpus of 18 published volumes of the Dictionary of the Serbian Academy in digital form, we have excerpted segments of dictionary entries (definitions with illustrative examples) which describe grammatical categories relevant to semantic use. The items we have selected for examination required the following criteria: 1) that grammatical categories should be relevant to the polysemic structure of the word in question (i.e., further into the dictionary entry, on the formal plane), 2) that grammatical categories, by nature of their realization, trigger a change of meaning of the word, and 3) that the cases under examination be corroborated by at least one example taken from the standard language. The excerpted material has been classified according to the basic grammatical categories: word classes and grammatical categories in the strict sense. Within each word class, the transition from the primary meaning of a lexeme to its secondary (grammatically motivated) meaning has been interpreted in the light of the notion of conceptual change, which includes the relationship between the semantic content of the word and the general meaning of the word class to which it belongs. Thus, for example, the use of nouns functioning as adverbs has received interpretation from the perspective of the relationship between their referential and determinative values, whereas the use of adjectives in (in)definite aspect has been viewed from the point of the relationship between their qualifying and identifying functions. Also, due attention has been payed to the fact that the conceptual change in the sense defined above is involved in the mechanisms of polysemy, such as metaphor, metonymy, etc. With all this in view, it may be said that in Part Two of the dissertation we have applied a combined method: at the basic level, the examined material has been presented by way of the description of different types of semantic and conceptual relationships between the meanings of a lexeme and its grammatical categories, while, at the more abstract level, the investigated items have been identified with regard to the mechanism of polysemy within which the said relationships are realized. The findings of this research are both theoretical and applied. On the theoretical plane, they suggest the need for refining the tools for grammatical analysis in order to include the notions of intercategoriality, general meaning of grammatical categories, their typical use, etc. The applied type of findings are, however, allied to the systematization of lexicographic description of words according to the models of lexical categorization, as well as to the potential for improvement of dictionaries by including, for example, pragmatically-oriented definitions. The final goal of the investigation undertaken in the latter part of the dissertation lies in outlining a model of integral description of language based on a representative corpus of the Serbian language, which is to unite in method
U radu se obrađuju dopune glagolima govorenja, mišljenja i srodnih značenja u hrvatskome književnom jeziku od 17. do polovice 19. stoljeća koje su u prvome redu posljedica romanskih, latinskih i ...talijanskih, sintaktičkih utjecaja. Ovaj je rad nastavak, drugi dio rada Glagoli govorenja i mišljenja u hrvatskome čakavskom književnom jeziku do 17. stoljeća ¬– strani sintaktički utjecaji i zajedno s njime daje pregled dopuna tim glagolima koje su u hrvatski jezik ušle kao sintaktičke prevedenice, opisuje njihov status u svim trima hrvatskim književnim jezicima, njihovu sudbinu u počecima standardizacije hrvatskoga jezika i njihov status u jezikoslovnim priručnicima do polovice 19. stoljeća. 9. Amir Kapetanović, JEZIČNE ZNAČAJKE I LEKSIKOGRAFSKA OBRADA FRA IVANOVE FILOMENE IZ XVII. STOLJEĆA (C3) U uvodnom dijelu priloga naglašena su neriješena pitanja u vezi s autorstvom teksta i kronologijom izdanja fra Ivanove Historije od Filomene. Potom dajemo obavijesti o grafiji izdanja iz 1672, navodimo najvažnije jezične značajke na fonološkoj i gramatičkoj razini te prilažemo rječnik nastao konkordancijom fonološke transkripcije teksta. 10. Branko Kuna, IZMEĐU ATRIBUTNE I PREDIKATNE POSVOJNOSTI (E5) U članku se polazi uglavnom od konceptualnog određenja posvojnosti te se istražuje odnos i podudarnost između konvencionalnih oblika za njezino izricanje. Ona se može izreći tako da su posjednik i posjedovano povezani glagolskim elementom – predikatna posvojnost ili gramatikaliziranim odnosom u imeničnoj sintagmi, pri čemu posjednik sintaktički uvijek ima atributnu ulogu – atributna posvojnost. U tekstu se provjerava postavka kako je predikatna posvojnost inkluzivna kategorija, odnosno je li atributna posvojnost izvedena iz predikatne. Kao poseban način promatra se tzv. vanjska posvojnost koja je prijelazna kategorija i koja se izriče posvojnim dativom jer veza između dvaju elemenata posvojnog odnosa nije izražena glagolom, nego se preko njega pretpostavlja.
Za strane zemljopisne objekte u načelu upotrebljavamo 1) strano, tj. izvorno ime, ili 2) hrvatskomu jeziku prilagođeno ime ili 3) hrvatsko ime za određeni objekt, tj. egzonim. Kako je godine 1972. ...Skupina stručnjaka za zemljopisna imena UN-a (UNGEGN) preporučila da se ograniči upotreba egzonima te da se ne stvaraju novi, pojavila se potreba da se definira koja imena jesu egzonimi, da se popišu te da se odredi način na koji se mogu standardizirati ona imena čiji se likovi nesustavno upotrebljavaju u pojedinome jeziku. U prvome dijelu članka predstavit će se iskustva standardiziranja zemljopisnih imena na međunarodnoj i nacionalnoj razini, s posebnim osvrtom na standardizacijsko stanje u dvaju slavenskih naroda (Slovenci i Poljaci). U drugome će se dijelu analizirati jezikoslovni priručnici koji su imali najvažniju ulogu u dosadašnjim nastojanjima standardiziranja zemljopisnih imena, a to su hrvatski pravopisni priručnici objavljivani od 1889. godine do danas, te će se iznijeti zahtjevi koje je nužno provesti kako bismo u standardizaciji tih zemljopisnih imena sačuvali hrvatsku jezičnu baštinu.
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