This study is concerned with the tools and methods of calculating time. As we went back to the earliest times, we found that time was not important in primitive man, and then the modern age began, in ...which man settled relatively. The Egyptian civilization began to make its own hours, and then the Greek and Roman civilizations developed various kinds of clocks. Plato invented a water clock and an alarm clock in Athens, And when we came to Islam, Muslims were in dire need of precisely defining the prayers. Hence, the Arabs were able to develop the time machines where the Muslim Philosophers set up a set of religious clocks. (9h / 15m), high towers that were located next to the main mosques in each city, The plan was a huge tower with a square base, and a tower opening to the bottom of the tower leading to the interior. Which includes a wooden ladder Construction of the building began in the Ottoman Empire in the middle of the 10th century AD. The Ottomans built towers in many cities, whether inside Turkey or the country under their rule. Study and research.
Abstract
This article offers the first comprehensive study of a newly discovered type of medieval sundial made of ivory which might well be the precursor of the well-known diptych dial form made from ...ivory and wood. These sundials are unique for the combination with a wax writing tablet (tabula cerata) on the reverse side, such as has been deployed as a reusable and portable writing surface in Antiquity and throughout the Middle Ages. Three previously unpublished examples of this type of sundial have been located in Germany, Italy and England. This article gives a detailed analysis of the sundials and the underlying construction principles, including considerations from the history of science, chronology and cultural history in order to answer the questions of where, when and by whom these sundials were made.
Este artículo ahonda en las prescripciones que el orfebre renacentista Juan de Arfe y Villafañe refiere sobre gnomónica en su tratado De Varia Commensuracion para la Sculptura y Architectura ...(Sevilla, 1585-1587). Se examinan al detalle las indicaciones y datos referidos, así como los pormenores tocantes a los instrumentos de medición horaria y tablas de latitudes que Arfe propone. Asimismo, se pone en valor la pervivencia que este apartado tuvo en la posteridad, pues fue aumentado, enmendado y publicado de forma aislada por varios impresores que estimaron en esta breve sección de la Varia un aporte singular.
The 18th century was marked by the appearance of a great number of unusual objects in Russia. Besides military ships, wardrobes and beds, wigs and Holland-fashioned suites they were all kinds of ...scientific instruments – compasses, astrolabes, sundials, clocks, bisecting dividers, electrostatic machines etс. They were visible and tangible signs of western culture, processes of Russian modernization and westernization. And besides the obvious for us today means of usage they had some other ones. Many instruments were multi-faceted. As a rule they all were rear and expensive things, hand-made by individual order in just few or even the only exemplar. Not everyone could use them. So the instruments demonstrated the high level of education and the high social status of the possessor. The instruments were used for entertainment both at the court and for general public. This kind of court activities was an important tool of attracting attention and state investments to the scientific researches. Clocks, sundials and telescopes played diplomatic role as gifts both on the level of transnational communication and on the local one (the establishment of good relations between arriving expeditions and local authorities). At last local peasants preserved the strange objects possessed by alien-dressed men as a super-modern weapon of pillage.
In a premodern, largely unscientific era, when maps were rarities, how did Romans envisage their far-flung empire? By various means for certain, which Talbert now supplements with an investigation of ...clues that have attracted minimal attention. They derive from miniature portable sundials—crafted in bronze and fitted with adjustable parts to accommodate the changes of latitude likely to occur on long journeys. As Romans knew, to function effectively any sundial must be set for the latitude where it is used. So, for rapid reference, these portable ones incorporate a list of twenty to thirty names and latitudes of cities or regions chosen by the maker or owner. Each list offers unique insight into the mental world maps of individual Romans who between them somehow developed the capacity to visualize the empire latitudinally. Comparison with modern calculations demonstrates that the latitude figures listed are often incorrect, so the sundials may not tell the time reliably. But here the nature of Romans’ time consciousness (or lack of it) must be taken into consideration. Talbert conjectures that owners might prize these sundials not so much for practical use, but rather as status symbols attesting to shared scientific awareness as well as imperial mastery of time and space. In retrospect they may be seen as Roman forerunners of comparable Islamic and European instruments from the Middle Ages onward, even of today’s luxury watches, which display their purchasers’ wealth, sophistication, and cosmopolitanism.
Three-dimensional (3-D) models of archaeological artifacts can be obtained using free or low-cost image-based modeling (IBM) systems. IBM systems generate a 3-D model by processing a set of ...overlapping digital photographs of an object or scene. Sundials are generally located in inaccessible places, and photography may be the only method to study them. The purpose of this paper is to explore the potential of the 3-D modeling of archaeological objects obtained by IBM systems and embedded in a 3-D interactive portable document format (PDF) file. The process is illustrated by two case studies: a Roman sundial and a historical vertical sundial. The 3-D interactive PDF file allows for measuring some elements in the 3-D model. These measurements can be obtained easily and provide metric information about the sundials without touching them.
Se pueden obtener modelos tridimensionales (3-D) de objetos arqueológicos utilizando sistemas de modelado basados en la imagen (IBM) de bajo coste o gratuitos. Los sistemas IBM generan un modelo 3-D procesando un conjunto de fotografías digitales solapadas de un objeto o escena. Los relojes de sol se sitúan generalmente en lugares inaccesibles y la fotografía puede ser el único método de estudiarlos. El propósito del presente documento es explorar el potencial del modelado 3-D de objetos arqueológicos obtenidos mediante sistemas IBM e incrustados en un formato interactivo 3-D de tipo PDF (formato de documento portátil). El proceso se ilustra mediante dos casos de estudio: un reloj solar romano y un reloj solar vertical histórico. El PDF interactivo 3-D permite medir algunos elementos en el modelo 3-D. Estas mediciones pueden obtenerse fácilmente y pueden proporcionar información métrica sobre los relojes solares sin tocarlos.
Les modèles en trois dimensions (3D) d’artefacts archéologiques peuvent être obtenus en utilisant des systèmes de modélisation à partir d’images gratuits ou à faible coût. Les systèmes de modélisation à partir d’images génèrent un modèle 3D en traitant un ensemble de photographies numériques chevauchantes d’un objet ou d’une scène. Les cadrans solaires sont généralement situés dans des endroits inaccessibles et la photographie peut être le seul moyen de les étudier. Cet article vise à explorer le potentiel de la modélisation 3D d’objets archéologiques obtenus par les systèmes de modélisation à partir d’images et incorporés dans un format de document portable (PDF) interactif 3D. Le processus est illustré par deux études de cas: un cadran solaire romain et un cadran solaire vertical historique. Le PDF 3D interactif permet de mesurer certains éléments dans le modèle 3D. Ces mesures peuvent être obtenues facilement et fournissent des informations métriques sur les cadrans solaires sans les toucher.
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