Carbon fiber reinforced polymer (CFRP) have excellent properties such as light weight, high strength, high modulus and high temperature resistance, and have wide application prospect in the fields of ...national defense, aerospace and high-end civilian products. Various methods have been exploited to modify the CF to increase the surface activity, roughness and wettability, so that the interfacial adhesion between fiber and matrix could be improved for better mechanical properties, which is helpful to meet the needs of more fields for high-performance CFRP. In this review, the recent progress of CF surface modification methods and their reinforcing effects on composites are mainly summarized. Finally, some issues of CFRP are discussed and the future trends of interfacial reinforcement research are prospected.
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•Batter coating reduces oil uptake and improves texture and structure of fried foods.•Formulation and cooking method greatly impacts physico-mechanical and thermal properties of batter coating.•Pre- ...and post- fry treatment (microwave, infrared, hot air) modulates oil-reduction functionality of batter coating.
Food surface modulation by batter coating is a promising approach to reduce the presence of oil in fried products. This review critically discussed the functionalities, mechanism of actions, rheology, ingredients of formulation, mathematical modeling of the process, cooking method, safety and regulatory aspects, physicochemical, thermal-microstructural characterization of batter coatings, and future research directions. Enormous list of ingredients could be used in preparation of oil-reducing viscoelastic batter coating that includes mostly flours, hydrocolloids, and starches. Bioactive compounds, enzymes, minerals, herbal extracts, baking agents, sugar alcohols, etc. could be incorporated in batter formulation to affect the taste and texture of coated products. Overall mass-transfer process of batter-coated fried foods could be characterized by several mathematical models (Fick, Newton, Page, Henderson & Pabis, modified Page, Arrhenius). Surface and internal microstructural characterization techniques, thermal probing, physicochemical characterization techniques and artificial intelligence can characterize different functionalities of batter coatings including oil reduction and textural evolution.
Reverse osmosis (RO) is the most widely used technology in water treatment and desalination technologies for potable water production. Since its invention, RO has undergone significant developments ...in terms of material science, process, system optimization, methods of membrane synthesis, and modifications. Among various materials used for the synthesis of an RO membrane, the polyamide thin-film composite (PA-TFC) is by far the most common, owing to its excellent water permeability high salt rejection, and stability. However, a tradeoff between membrane permeability and salt rejection and membrane fouling has been a major hindrance for the effective application of this membrane. Thus, a broad investigation has been carried out to address these problems, and among which co-solvent interfacial polymerization (CAIP) and the surface modification of substrates and active layers of RO membrane have been the most effective approaches for controlling and improving the surface properties of the PA-TFC membrane. In this review paper, the problems associated with the RO membrane processes and strategies has been discussed and addressed in detail. Furthermore, as the focus of this review, the major advancements in the strategies used for enhancement of RO membrane performance through CAIP, and surface modifications were scrutinized and summarized.
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•Literature review of membrane materials and problems associated with RO process•Effects of the co-solvent assisted interfacial polymerization (CAIP)•Explanations of the strategies to improve PA-TFC RO membrane performances•Investigations of recent substrates and active layer modifications approaches•Modification methodologies of recent physical and chemical surface modifications
Carboxymethyl chitosan (CMCTS) and silver nanoparticles (Ag NPs) were successfully linked onto a cotton fabric surface through a simple mist modification process. The CMCTS binder was covalently ...linked to the cotton fabric via esterification and the Ag NPs were tightly adhered to the fiber surface by coordination bonds with the amine groups of CMCTS. As a result, the coating of Ag NPs on the cotton fabric showed excellent antibacterial properties and laundering durability. After 50 consecutive laundering cycles, the bacterial reduction rates (BR) against both S. aureus and E. coli remained over 95%. It has potential applications in a wide variety of fields such as sportswear, socks, and medical textile.
Chromium (Cr) poses serious consequences on human and animal health due to its potential carcinogenicity. The present study aims at preparing a novel biochar derived from Chenopodium quinoa crop ...residues (QBC), its activation with magnetite nanoparticles (QBC/MNPs) and strong acid HNO3 (QBC/Acid) to evaluate their batch and column scale potential to remove Cr (VI) from polluted water. The QBC, QBC/MNPs and QBC/Acid were characterized with SEM, FTIR, EDX, XRD as well as point of zero charge (PZC) to get an insight into their adsorption mechanism. The impact of different process parameters including dose of the adsorbent (1–4 g/L), contact time (0–180 min), initial concentration of Cr (25–200 mg/L) as well as solution pH (2–8) was evaluated on the Cr (VI) removal from contaminated water. The results revealed that QBC/MNPs proved more effective (73.35–93.62-%) for the Cr (VI) removal with 77.35 mg/g adsorption capacity as compared with QBC/Acid (55.85–79.8%) and QBC (48.85–75.28-%) when Cr concentration was changed from 200 to 25 mg/L. The isothermal experimental results follow the Freundlich adsorption model rather than Langmuir, Temkin and Dubinin-Radushkevich adsorption isotherm models. While kinetic adsorption results were well demonstrated by pseudo second order kinetic model. Column scale experiments conducted at steady state exhibited excellent retention of Cr (VI) by QBC, QBC/MNPs and QBC/Acid at 50 and 100 mg Cr/L. The results showed that this novel biochar (QBC) and its modified forms (QBC/Acid and QBC/MNPs) are applicable with excellent reusability and stability under acidic conditions for the practical treatment of Cr (VI) contaminated water.
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•A novel biochar and its composites (QBC/MNPs and QBC/Acid) were used for Cr(VI) removal.•Composites were characterized with FTIR, SEM, EDX, XRD and PZC.•Experimental data were modelled with equilibrium and kinetic models.•QBC/MNPs could effectively remove Cr(VI) with adsorption capacity of 77.35 mg/g.•Column scale removal showed excellent retention of Cr and reusability.
Biochar (QBC/MNPs) was applicable with excellent reusability and stability under acidic conditions for the practical treatment of Cr (VI) contaminated water.
Phosphonic acids act as robust surface modifiers on barium titanate (BT) nanoparticles (NPs) (see figure), affording homogeneous, high‐volume‐fraction composites of such NPs in polymeric hosts by ...simple solution processing. Pentafluorobenzyl phosphonic acid‐modified BT nanocomposite films in poly(vinylidenefluoride‐co‐hexafluoropropylene) show large relative permittivities and unusually high dielectric breakdown strengths.
Hydrogels have emerged as promising antimicrobial materials due to their unique three-dimensional structure, which provides sufficient capacity to accommodate various materials, including small ...molecules, polymers and particles. Coating substrates with antibacterial hydrogel layers has been recognized as an effective strategy to combat bacterial colonization. To prevent possible delamination of hydrogel coatings from substrates, it is crucial to attach hydrogel layers via stronger links, such as covalent bonds. To date, various surface chemical strategies have been developed to introduce hydrogel coatings on different substrates. In this review, we first give a brief introduction of the major strategies for designing antibacterial coatings. Then, we summarize the chemical methods used to fix the antibacterial hydrogel layer on the substrate, which include surface-initiated graft crosslinking polymerization, anchoring the hydrogel layer on the surface during crosslinking, and chemical crosslinking of layer-by-layer coating. The reaction mechanisms of each method and matched pretreatment strategies are systemically documented with the aim of introducing available protocols to researchers in related fields for designing hydrogel-coated antibacterial surfaces.
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•Hydrogel coating has advantages of multipoint anchoring, uniform coverage and high loading capacity.•Antibacterial function can be designed by bacteria-repellent, contact-killing and bactericide-releasing.•Antibacterial hydrogel coating can be introduced by surface-initiated graft polymerization.•Anchoring hydrogel coating by incorporating surface functional groups into network during crosslinking.•Antibacterial hydrogel layer can be fabricated by chemical crosslinking of layer-by-layer coating.
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•The Zn foil is coated by carbon black to enlarge the electroactive surface area.•Nanofibrillated cellulose is used as an effective binder to adhere carbon black.•The modified anode ...can eliminate the dendritic growth and side reactions.•Excellent interface stability between the anode and electrolyte is achieved.•The Zn-MnO2 battery with modified anode shows significantly improved cyclability.
Aqueous zinc-ion batteries have received significant attention due to their low cost and high safety. However, the unsatisfactory cycling performances caused by the dendritic growth on the Zn anode limit their practical applications. Herein, we propose to modify the conventional Zn foil anode by using carbon black coating and nanofibrillated cellulose binder. The carbon black can form an electrically conductive network, thus greatly enlarging the electroactive surface area, while the nanofibrillated cellulose can act as an electrolyte reservoir to facilitate charge transports. Thanks to that, the modified anode can significantly eliminate the dendritic growth and side reactions, therefore ensuring excellent interface stability with the electrolyte even at a commercial-level areal capacity of 5 mAh g−1. With the modified anode, the Zn-MnO2 battery gives a high capacity retention of 87.4% after 1000 cycles, much higher than that with the unmodified Zn foil (42.6%). This study discloses a facile, scalable, and cost-effective strategy to achieve dendrite-free metal electrodes towards great cyclability.
•Successful surface modification of CF with 2 anthraquinone analogues (AQ-1, AQ-2).•A 6.6× and 5× increase in capacitance for AQ-2 and AQ-1 respectively over control.•An increase of 78% and 44% in ...IFSS over control for AQ-1 and AQ-2 respectively.•Translation to in-situ modification, maintaining a 3x increase in capacitance.
Carbon fiber electrodes were prepared by grafting anthraquinone molecules via a scalable electrochemical approach which simultaneously increased interfacial and electrochemical capacitance properties. In this work, anthraquinone diazonium salts were synthesized and grafted onto carbon fiber tows at various concentrations. These modified fibers were subsequently evaluated mechanically and electrochemically to analyze their suitability in structural supercapacitors. Compared to control fibers, the grafted anthraquinone groups resulted in a 30% increase in interfacial shear strength (IFSS) and 6.6× increase in specific capacitance. Industry application was also a focus thus carbon fibers were also modified with in-situ generated diazonium salts to determine the applicability to an in-line industrial process. Specifically, potentiostatic functionalization of fibers with in-situ generated diazonium salts AQ-1 and AQ-2, showed 3× and 4.3× increase in specific capacitance, respectively, relative to unmodified carbon fiber (CF). We expect that implementing a scalable method to introduce a conductive and electrochemically active covalently bound surface chemistry layer onto carbon fiber exhibits a higher specific capacitance than carbon fiber grafted with most other small molecules reported in literature. This will open new avenues for manufacturing multifunctional and high-performance fibers with tailored properties for specific/targeted applications.
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Interfacial interactions are key to the development of high-performance coatings such as conductive polymer layers on fibrous materials. In this work, we present an approach of strengthening the ...interaction by forming ionic bonds between cellulose fibres and the conductive polymer layer by introducing a sulfonate group on cellulose fibres. The ionic bonds are formed between anchored sulfonate group and the positively charged precursor 3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene (EDOT), followed by the deposition and polymerisation of poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene):sulfate (PEDOT:SO4) on the fibrous substrate surface. The conductance of the PEDOT:SO4 coated substrate with anchored sulfonate groups coated may be 1.7 times higher compared to the conductance of the unmodified cellulose substrate depending on experimental conditions. EDX measurements confirm the presence of sulfur and a shift of zeta potential at lower pH supports the evidence of the anionic anchored groups on the fibre surface. Our study therefore provides a new way to enhance the affinity of fibrous cellulose materials towards polymer conductive coatings.
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•Successful grafting of sodium 4-((4,6-dichloro-1,3,5-triazin-2-yl)amino)benzenesulfonate on cellulosic fibres.•Formation of ionic bonds between anchored sulphonate group and positively charged precursor 3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene.•Higher yield of deposition polymerisation of poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene) on modified fibre substrate.
