In <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref1">1 , during typesetting process, some mistakes were made in symbols. The errors and corrections are listed below. The errors are highlighted in blue. The ...corrections are highlighted in red.
The meaning of places is socially constructed, often informed by the groups that seem pervasive there. For instance, the University of Pennsylvania is sometimes pejoratively called “Jew-niversity of ...Pennsylvania,” and the city of Decatur, Georgia, is disparagingly nicknamed “Dyke-atur,” connoting the respective pervasiveness of Jewish students and gay residents. Because these pervasiveness perceptions meaningfully impact how people navigate the social world, it is critical to understand the factors that influence their formation. Across surveys, experiments, and archival data, six studies (N = 3,039 American adults) revealed the role of symbolic threat (i.e., perceived differences in values and worldviews). Specifically, holding constant important features of the group and context, we demonstrated that groups higher in symbolic threat are perceived as more populous in a place and more associated with that place than groups lower in symbolic threat. Ultimately, this work reveals that symbolic threat can both distort how people understand their surroundings and shape the meaning of places.
This Letter proposes a blind symbol packing ratio estimation for faster-than-Nyquist (FTN) signalling based on state-of-the-art deep learning technology. The symbol packing ratio (also named speeding ...parameter, time packing parameter etc.) is a vital parameter to obtain the real symbol rate and recover the origin symbols from the received symbols by calculating the intersymbol interference. To the best of the authors' knowledge, this is the first effective estimation approach for symbol packing ratio in FTN signalling and has shown its fast convergence and robustness to signal-to-noise ratio by numerical simulations. Benefiting from the proposed blind estimation, the packing-ratio-based adaptive FTN transmission without dedicate channel or control frame becomes available. Also, the secure FTN communications based on the secret symbol packing ratio can be easily cracked.
This book presents an exploration of how fundamental signals are to our world. It uses a variety of tools — theories of signaling games, information, evolution, and learning — to investigate how ...meaning and communication develop. The book shows how signaling games themselves evolve, and introduces a new model of learning with invention. The juxtaposition of atomic signals leads to complex signals, as the natural product of gradual process. Signals operate in networks of senders and receivers at all levels of life. Information is transmitted, but it is also processed in various ways. That is how we think — signals run around a very complicated signaling network. Signaling is a key ingredient in the evolution of teamwork, in the human but also in the animal world, even in micro-organisms. Communication and co-ordination of action are different aspects of the flow of information, and are both effected by signals.
Future wireless communication systems are expected to explore spectral bands typically used by radar systems, in order to overcome spectrum congestion of traditional communication bands. Since in ...many applications radar and communication share the same platform, spectrum sharing can be facilitated by joint design as a dual-function radar-communications system. In this paper, we propose a joint transmit beamforming model for a dual-function multiple-input-multiple-output (MIMO) radar and multiuser MIMO communication transmitter. The proposed dual-function system transmits the weighted sum of independent radar waveforms and communication symbols, forming multiple beams towards the radar targets and the communication receivers, respectively. The design of the weighting coefficients is formulated as an optimization problem whose objective is the performance of the MIMO radar transmit beamforming, while guaranteeing that the signal-to-interference-plus-noise ratio (SINR) at each communication user is higher than a given threshold. Despite the non-convexity of the proposed optimization problem, we prove that it can be relaxed into a convex one, where the relaxation is tight. We then propose a reduced complexity design based on zero-forcing the inter-user interference and radar interference. Unlike previous works, which focused on the transmission of communication symbols to synthesize a radar transmit beam pattern, our method provides more degrees of freedom for MIMO radar and is thus able to obtain improved radar performance, as demonstrated in our simulation study. Furthermore, the proposed dual-function scheme approaches the radar performance of the radar-only scheme, i.e., without spectrum sharing, under reasonable communication quality constraints.
There is currently considerable discussion about the relative influences of evolutionary and cultural factors in the development of early numerical skills. In particular, there has been substantial ...debate and study of the relationship between approximate, nonverbal (approximate magnitude system AMS) and exact, symbolic (symbolic number system SNS) representations of number. Here we examined several hypotheses concerning whether, in the earliest stages of formal education, AMS abilities predict growth in SNS abilities, or the other way around. In addition to tasks involving symbolic (Arabic numerals) and nonsymbolic (dot arrays) number comparisons, we also tested children's ability to translate between the 2 systems (i.e., mixed-format comparison). Our data included a sample of 539 kindergarten children (M = 5.17 years, SD = .29), with AMS, SNS, and mixed-comparison skills assessed at the beginning and end of the academic year. In this way, we provide, to the best of our knowledge, the most comprehensive test to date of the direction of influence between the AMS and SNS in early formal schooling. Results were more consistent with the view that SNS abilities at the beginning of kindergarten lay the foundation for improvement in both AMS abilities and the ability to translate between the 2 systems. It is important to note that we found no evidence to support the reverse. We conclude that, once one acquires a basic grasp of exact number symbols, it is this understanding of exact number (and perhaps repeated practice therewith) that facilitates growth in the AMS. Though the precise mechanism remains to be understood, these data challenge the widely held view that the AMS scaffolds the acquisition of the SNS.
In this paper, we develop a tensor-based joint symbol detection and user sensing scheme for the three-dimensional uplink terahertz system with dual-wideband effects. To leverage the low-rank ...decomposition of tensor, the received matrix-form pilot at the selected subcarrier is rearranged into a real-valued tensor-form one, and the corresponding algorithm is designed for angle of arrival and Doppler estimation. Subsequently, symbol detection and time delay estimation are conducted by utilizing the received signals at the remaining subcarriers. Finally, user localization and tracking are achieved by using the estimated sensing parameters along with the location variations between adjacent time instances. Simulation results show that the proposed scheme provides superior joint symbol detection and user sensing performance compared with the existing complex-valued matrix-based and tensor-based methods.
We show that the Gersten complex for the (improved) Milnor K-sheaf on a smooth scheme over an excellent discrete valuation ring is exact except at the first place and that exactness at the first ...place may be checked at the discrete valuation ring associated to the generic point of the special fibre. This complements results of Gillet-Levine for K-theory, Geisser for motivic cohomology and Schmidt-Strunk and the author for étale cohomology.
Online fountain codes have been proven to require lower overhead and fewer feedbacks than growth codes for successful decoding. In an attempt to improve the intermediate symbol recovery rate, the ...authors propose sending a number of degree-1 input symbols prior to the build-up phase based on a simple application of probability theory. In addition, during the completion phase, received encoded symbols with three neighbouring white (un-decoded) symbols are retained for decoding and updating the decoding graph later. The performance and characteristics of the proposed improved online fountain codes are compared to those of the original online fountain codes over an erasure channel. Simulation results reveal that the improved online fountain codes outperform the original fountain codes in terms of intermediate symbol recovery rate, average encoded symbols required to be generated by the sender, average feedback transmissions, and encoding/decoding efficiency.
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