Bu çalışmanın amacı, ABD’nin Çin mallarına uyguladığı ithalat tarifeleri ile Çin’in ABD’den ithal ettiği mallar üzerine uyguladığı ithalat tarifelerinin Şangay Menkul Kıymetler Borsası Kompozit ...Endeksi’ne etkisinin 1991-2016 dönemi için incelenmesidir. Çin’in ana makroekonomik değişkenleri kontrol değişken olarak seçilmiştir. Bu amaçla, çalışmada ARDL sınır testi yaklaşımından faydalanılmıştır. Ampirik sonuçlar, ABD tarafından uygulanan tarife oranlarındaki artışın uzun vadede Şangay hisse senedi endeksini olumsuz yönde etkilediğini göstermiştir. Ayrıca analizde kullanılan makroekonomik değişkenlerin ikisi olan M2 para arzı ve enflasyon oranının borsa endeksi üzerinde pozitif yönlü bir etkisi olduğu tespit edilmiştir. Sonuç olarak, ABD’nin Çin mallarına uyguladığı ithalat tarifelerine dayanan ABD-Çin ticaret savaşının Çin borsasına zarar verdiği söylenebilir. Elde edilen sonuçlarla ABD’nin bu savaşın kazananı mı yoksa kaybedeni mi olduğu söylenememekle birlikte, Çin’in kesinlikle kaybeden taraf olduğu söylenebilir.
Zusammenfassung
Medien-Unternehmen wie Zeitungsverlage und Messeveranstalter sehen sich in der Preispolitik zwei großen Herausforderungen gegenüber: Zum einen agieren sie auf zweiseitigen Märkten und ...sollten als Plattformen ihre Preise auf beiden Marktseiten gleichzeitig optimieren. Zum anderen hängt die Nutzungsmenge ihrer Kunden vom Preis ab, sodass die Plattformen von nichtlinearen Tarifen profitieren können. Die Autoren entwickeln ein Entscheidungsunterstützungs-System für nichtlineare Tarife in einem zweiseitigen Markt und wenden es auf eine Messe an. Sie messen Zahlungsbereitschaften von Ausstellern und Besuchern und schätzen jeweils Segment-spezifische Zahlungsbereitschafts-Funktionen. Die Optimierung ergibt, dass die Messegesellschaft ihren Deckungsbeitrag durch den Einsatz von zweiteiligen Tarifen stark steigern kann. Zudem sollte die Messe relativ hohe Preise für Aussteller setzen und ihren Deckungsbeitrag vor allem auf dieser Seite des Marktes erwirtschaften.
Negotiating the liberalization of world agricultural trade in the World Trade Organization (WTO) is fraught with difficulty due to the complexity of the issues and the wide range of interests across ...countries. In the round of global trade negotiations under the WTO, different perspectives on trade reform have produced a highly contentious agenda. These issues are addressed from a range of perspectives in this survey of the trade agenda and its implications for both developing and developed countries. Agricultural trade specialists, including those in universities, in international organizations and think tanks, analyse a comprehensive range of topics including interests and options in the WTO trade negotiations, the trade agenda from a development patent perspective, WTO trade rules, trade barriers, tariff negotiations and patent protection for developing countries.
The Political Economy of the World Trading System is a comprehensive textbook account of the economics, institutional mechanics and politics of the world trading system. This third edition has been ...expanded and updated to cover developments in the World Trade Organisation (WTO) since its formation, including the Doha Round, presenting the essentials of trade negotiations and the WTO’s rules and disciplines. The authors focus in particular on the WTO’s role as the primary organisation through which trading nations manage their commercial interactions and the focal point for cooperation on policy responses to the rapidly changing global trading environment. It is the forum in which many features of the globalisation process are considered, and it currently faces an unprecedented set of challenges. The increasing importance of countries in Asia, Latin America and Africa in international trade relations, the revealed preference towards regionalism, intensification of trade conflicts, the role of business groups and NGOs in trade policy formation and negotiations, and pressures for more leadership in an institution threatened by paralysis are examples of issues that are discussed in some detail; all are critical for the operation of the system and for international business in the coming decade. This edition also includes numerous real-world examples to illustrate how the WTO impinges on business, workers and households, written from the perspective of managers and business associations. An insider’s view of the institutional history of the WTO allows the authors to use a variety of conceptual tools to analyse the working of the WTO in a non-technical manner. Suggestions for Further Reading at the end of each chapter and an extensive bibliography make the volume suitable both for introductory and postgraduate courses on international economics and business, international relations, and international economic law.
The WTO is one of the most important intergovernmental organizations in the world, yet the way in which it functions as an organization and the scope of its authority and power are still poorly ...understood. This comprehensively revised new edition of the acclaimed work by an outstanding team of WTO law specialists, provides a complete overview of the law and practice of the WTO. The authors begin with the institutional law of the WTO (such as the sources of law and remedies of the dispute settlement system), then tackle the principal substantive obligations of the WTO regime (including tariffs, quotas, and MFN). They then move on to consider unfair trade, regional trading arrangements, and developing countries. In its final section the book deals with the consequences of globalization: firstly where WTO law confronts legal regimes governing issues of competition and intellectual property, and secondly, where free trade is seen to be incompatible with certain human rights. This edition also includes new chapters on trade in agriculture and on government procurement and trade.
The obligations of international trade law hinge upon the question of what constitute "like products". Trade disputes will often involve an examination of whether the products in question are in ...competition with one another. The most common term used for this test is to ask whether they are "like products" - that is to ask whether products are sufficiently similar for consumers to see them as substitutable - and thus whether they are subject to the rules of the WTO and GATT. The central thesis of this book is that despite the centrality of the principle of 'like products' to the WTO, it has not been consistently interpreted, and therefore the risk of discriminatory practice remains. The author, through analyzing legal and economic arguments, sets about defining the concept of 'like products' in such a way as to consistently give effect to WTO aims.
Pomorsko brodarstvo je djelatnost koja posluje na turbulentnome, redovito, međunarodnom pomorskom tržištu, koje je dinamično i brzo promjenljivo jer je pod utjecajem brojnih ekonomskih, političkih, ...socijalnih, ekoloških i drugih čimbenika. Djelatnost koja postoji već stoljećima danas je sve strože regulirana i kontrolirana, i dostizanje uspješnoga ili čak optimalnog poslovanja zahtjevna je zadaća, koja iziskuje brojna znanja, spretnosti i iskustva. U doba kad postoje brojni brodari kojih je poslovanje dijelom, ali zasigurno ne u cijelosti, okarakterizirano stanjem na tržištu, pa iskaču oni uspješniji, oni koji znaju i u stanju su aplicirati različite tarife: proporcionalne, degresivne, progresivne ili preferencijalne, a da istodobno ne gube komitente, već da ih u jakoj konkurenciji dobivaju sve više i pri tome postižu sve veći profit. To, zapravo, znači da im utvrđene tarife istodobno pokrivaju sve interne i eksterne troškove poslovanja, a u njima postavljeni uvjeti štite brodara, i tako mu omogućavaju uspješno i profitabilno poslovanje.Brodar mora redovito komparirati planirano i ostvareno poslovanje kako bi pravodobno mogao reagirati na odstupanja. To čini na osnovi brojnih pokazatelja koje većinom izvlači iz osnovnih financijskih izvještaja, koji se dijele u tri glavne skupine. To su: pokazatelji uspješnosti, pokazatelji stabilnosti i pokazatelji aktivnosti. Za svaku djelatnost, pa tako i pomorsko brodarstvo, znaju se intervali prosječnih vrijednosti tih pokazatelja, pa oni brodarima mogu služiti kao orijentir s pomoću kojih analiziraju učinkovitost i uspješnost svojega poslovanja.
Maritime transport is certainly an activity that acts in a complex, as by rule international environment, which is dynamic and unstable as affected by many economical, political, social, ecological and other factors. The activity which has been known for centuries is today increasingly ever strictly regulated and controlled, and attaining successful or optimal operation is a harsh effort demanding a lot of knowledge, skills and experience.In the period in which maritime sector is marked by huge number of ship operators whose operation is partially, but for sure not completely, characterized by the market situation, the ones who know how and can afford to apply different tariffs namely proportional, degressive, progressive or preferential tariffs are in better position as in such a way they keep their customers, furthermore they can attract new ones and all that in a way that profits are higher and the operation more successful. This means, in fact, that defined tariffs allow them to cover all the expenses while at the same time, already set up transportation conditions protect them. The ship owners are forced to control their business by comparing planned and realized operations and hence promptly react on deviations. This is done by calculating various indicators which are mainly deduced from basic financial reports and divided into three main groups: efficiency indicators, stability indicators and activity indicators. For each activity and therefore also for maritime transport sector the characteristic intervals for each values of the indicators are known and the ship owners can use them for orientation on the effectiveness and efficiency of their own management.
Pomorsko brodarstvo je djelatnost koja posluje na turbulentnome, redovito, međunarodnom pomorskom tržištu, koje je dinamično i brzo promjenljivo jer je pod utjecajem brojnih ekonomskih, političkih, ...socijalnih, ekoloških i drugih čimbenika. Djelatnost koja postoji već stoljećima danas je sve strože regulirana i kontrolirana, i dostizanje uspješnoga ili čak optimalnog poslovanja zahtjevna je zadaća, koja iziskuje brojna znanja, spretnosti i iskustva.
U doba kad postoje brojni brodari kojih je poslovanje dijelom, ali zasigurno ne u cijelosti, okarakterizirano stanjem na tržištu, pa iskaču oni uspješniji, oni koji znaju i u stanju su aplicirati različite tarife: proporcionalne, degresivne, progresivne ili preferencijalne, a da istodobno ne gube komitente, već da ih u jakoj konkurenciji dobivaju sve više i pri tome postižu sve veći profit. To, zapravo, znači da im utvrđene tarife istodobno pokrivaju sve interne i eksterne troškove poslovanja, a u njima postavljeni uvjeti štite brodara, i tako mu omogućavaju uspješno i profitabilno poslovanje.
Brodar mora redovito komparirati planirano i ostvareno poslovanje kako bi pravodobno mogao reagirati na odstupanja. To čini na osnovi brojnih pokazatelja koje većinom izvlači iz osnovnih financijskih izvještaja, koji se dijele u tri glavne skupine. To su: pokazatelji uspješnosti, pokazatelji stabilnosti i pokazatelji aktivnosti. Za svaku djelatnost, pa tako i pomorsko brodarstvo, znaju se intervali prosječnih vrijednosti tih pokazatelja, pa oni brodarima mogu služiti kao orijentir s pomoću kojih analiziraju učinkovitost i uspješnost svojega poslovanja.
Bu çalışma, Hatay ilinde faaliyet gösteren Türk ihracatçıların üç Ortadoğu ülkesine (Suriye, Suudi Arabistan ve Ürdün) ihracatta karşılaştıkları tarife dışı engelleri, anket yoluyla belirlemeyi ...amaçlamaktadır. Anket, ana kütlenin yaklaşık %40’ı olmak üzere toplam 80 firma ile yapılmıştır. Tarife dışı engeller, türleri itibariyle sınıflandırılarak, tek yönlü ANOVA ve Post Hoc istatistik tekniği ile incelenmiştir. Araştırma sonucunda; Ortadoğu ülkelerindeki farklı gümrük kural ve uygulamaları ve bankacılık sisteminin gelişmemiş olması, bakımından ülkeler arasında farklılıklar olduğu; buna karşın teknik engeller ve dış ticaret işlemlerinde kurumsallaşamama bakımından üç ülkenin farklılık göstermediği; ürün bazında yapılan farklılık analizinde ise karşılaşılan tarife dışı engeller bakımından istatistiki olarak önemli farklılıklar olduğu belirlenmiştir.
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