This article reveals the source of exporters' better environmental performance (exporters' environmental premium) for Chinese firms with a model based on heterogeneous firm theory and empirical ...analysis with a difference‐in‐differences method based on the Chinese export tax refund reduction in 2004 and comprehensive firm‐level environmental survey data. The results show that exporting releases Chinese firms' financing constraints and enables them to upgrade production technologies quickly by applying advanced production technology (capital‐embodied technological upgrading) rather than by upgrading abatement technologies, to drive down sulfur dioxide (SO2) intensity and energy intensity. Exporting also reduces a firm's average energy intensity and SO2 intensity by reallocating resources from energy‐intensive and polluting production and firms to cleaner ones, that is, the resource reallocation effect. However, Chinese firms cannot expand their production much when trade costs decrease, which makes it difficult for the scale effect to work well.
Government incentives play an important role in the development of the remanufacturing industry. It remains a challenge to determine an optimal policy (subsidy and/or tax refund) and how firms ...(manufacturers and retailers) can integrate it into their pricing decisions. We analyze the impacts of government financial incentives on manufacturers’ and retailers’ pricing decisions in terms of corporate profits and social welfare under different scenarios. We find that government incentives increase the recycling price and availability of used products, while the wholesale and retail prices of new products remain unchanged. Government incentives also significantly increase the manufacturer’s profits and enhance social welfare.
•We examined a cross-regional management scenario in construction and demolition waste.•We investigated impacts of value-added tax refund on cross-regional recycling decisions.•Under certain ...conditions, cross-regional production would be better than local production.•Increasing value-added tax refund rate might decrease recycling enterprises’ profits.
Recently along with the development of waste recycling markets, a distinct management scenario which extends the traditional municipality-level management scenario to a cross-regional management scenario emerges. Under the cross-regional management scenario, on the one hand, disparities in value-added tax refund policy aggravate imbalanced development of construction and demolition waste recycling markets between regions. On the other hand, how preferential taxation policies would influence decisions of waste recycling enterprises are unclear. To fill the research gap, this paper investigates impacts of value-added tax refund policies on enterprise’s cross-regional recycling decisions by establishing game models that involve two recycling enterprises and two transportation enterprises. Through developing and analyzing game theory based models, the optimal decisions of involved enterprises are obtained. The findings reveal that (i) when the disparities in transportation costs and market capacities between two regions are moderate, recycling enterprises should choose cross-regional production rather than local production; (ii) enlarging market capacities after cross-regional recycling could simultaneously increase recycling quantities of waste in original region. But moderate market capacities and high value-added tax refund rate promote both recycling enterprises being better off in cross-regional production scenario; and (iii) raising value-added tax refund rate is not always necessary under certain conditions, where higher value-added tax refund rate reversely decrease recycling enterprise profits in current region. To enhance the effectiveness of value-added tax refund policy, reducing cross-regional transportation costs and balancing regional market capacities should be applied by the local government. The findings are valuable in expanding the research scope of traditional construction and demolition waste recycling markets and increasing the efficiency of applying tax policies in promoting waste recycling. There are two research limitations; one is that we did not consider the illegal waste dumping (i.e., dumping waste into unauthorized areas) frequently occurring in the process of waste transportation, and the other is that we considered unified preferential taxation for both of the recycling enterprises.
In recent years, the accumulated environmental problems resulting from excessive usage of fossil fuels have gradually loomed. Thus, an environmental tax, as an important policy tool, has been put on ...the agenda in China. In this paper, a dynamic recursive multi-sector Computable General Equilibrium (CGE) model is applied to explore the impacts of the environmental tax on China's economy. To comprehensively analyze the impacts, we introduce four kinds of typical contaminants and set two kinds of scenarios: different tax rates and different tax refunds. The results show that the environmental tax is conducive to environmental improvement, but the economic variables are adversely affected, for example, the loss of GDP at the low level tax rate is 0.46%. In order to offset the negative impacts, we presume the government refunds the tax. The results show that this can indeed relieve the negative effects. When the government refunds the production tax and corporate income tax, 0.49% and 0.34% of GDP is relieved by respectively. This paper provides a comprehensive analysis of the implementation of the environmental tax in China and lays a solid foundation for the introduction of the environmental tax.
Purpose: This systematic review examined the effects of tax-time saving interventions that promote saving with tax refunds from relevant experimental or quasi-experimental studies of interventions ...aimed toward low- and moderate-income adults delivered when filing U.S. income taxes. Method: A systematic review process was used to search for published and unpublished studies from sources through September 2021. Two reviewers screened studies, extracted data and assessed risk of bias, and effects on savings rate and amount were synthesized using robust variance estimation. Results: This review included 14 unique studies. Five studies reporting 13 effect sizes for savings amount found a small, statistically significant effect (d = 0.06, 95% CI 0.05, 0.08). Nine studies reporting 35 effect sizes found no statistically significant effect for savings rate (LOR = 4.11, 95% CI 0.42, 40.44). Discussion: Results suggest some evidence that tax-time savings can be a relatively simple method for increasing the amount low- to moderate-income adults save.
Tax audit is a significant control mechanism nowadays, particularly in the context of increasing tax evasion and tax fraud. Taxable entities are obliged to tolerate the performing of tax audit for a ...certain statutory period. But what if the tax audit exceeds this statutory time limit? What impact does it have on the status of the taxable entity? Regarding the length of the tax audit, we will deal with the impact of the interest on value added tax refund on the status of the taxable entity. Will this interest contribute to its improvement?
•We evaluate a tax-time savings program using a longitudinal quasi-experimental design.•Seventy percent of program participants saved a portion of their refund for a full year.•Participants were less ...likely than comparison group skip a bill or take out a loan.•Participants were more likely to withdraw from savings.•The above findings suggest that participants may have been more likely to have savings.
Paper presents results of an evaluation of a tax-time savings program. $aveNYC offers incentivized savings accounts to taxpayers filing their taxes at Volunteer Income Tax Assistance (VITA) sites in New York City. Participants who direct-deposited at least $200 of their refund into the account and maintained the balance for a year received 50 cents per dollar saved. A comparison group was drawn from NYC VITA sites where the program was not offered. Propensity score weighting was used to balance the two groups. Study participants (N=353) were surveyed via telephone halfway through the program, and again 8 months after the program ended. 70 percent of $aveNYC participants surveyed received the match. The majority of those who received the match continued to save some portion of the money. At the second survey, there was no significant difference between groups in savings amount; this finding may be due to measurement limitations. $aveNYC participants were less likely than comparison group members to have skipped paying bills or taken out a loan during the study period, and were more likely to have withdrawn money from savings. Findings suggest that tax-time savings programs can result in sustained emergency savings and prevent reliance on borrowing and unpaid bills.
PDF
