BACKGROUND: Peronema canescens (Sungkai) leaves have been popular in Indonesia which contain various bioactive compounds with empirical therapeutic efficacy in dealing with COVID-19 and various other ...diseases. Total phenolic and flavonoid content and antioxidant activity using the DPPH method from P. canescens leaf extract have not been studied much.
AIM: This research has several objectives. The first is to compare the results of qualitative phytochemical analysis of the ethanol extract of the leaves of P. canescens (EEPL). The second is to measure the total phenol and flavonoid content. The third is to test the FTIR and antioxidant activity of the ethanol extract of P. canescens leaves in vitro using the DPPH method.
METHODS: Fresh plant material and simplicia, ethanol extract extracted by maceration method using 96% ethanol as solvent from P. canescens. The Dragendorff’s and Mayer test carried out the qualitative phytochemical analysis, FeCl3 test, Salkowski method, Liebermann–Burchard method, foam test, and NaOH reagent. The total phenolic and flavonoid levels were tested using the Folin–Ciocalteu method. In vitro antioxidant activity was carried out using the DPPH (1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl) method.
RESULTS: The results of qualitative phytochemical screening showed that alkaloids, flavonoids, saponins, tannins, and steroids were detected in the extract of P. canescens. The spectra from the FTIR test results showed various absorbance peak values indicating the bonding of specific functional groups, namely: 418.12, 599.94, 666.67, 1036.39, 1159.52, 1224.16, 1348.95, 1454.19, 1600.87, 1732.00, 2923.13, and 3353.01 cm-1. In the test results, total phenolic content was as much as 5.64% (mgEAG/g) and total flavonoid content of 142,247 mgEQ/g in a sample of 1 mg extract, which was equivalent to 1 mg quercetin. EEPL has antioxidant activity with the DPPH IC50 method of 116.7865 ppm.
CONCLUSION: The data obtained at this time can contribute to the exploitation of P. canescens leaves in the future as one of the nutraceutical products, supplements, and herbal medicines by specific industries related to improving the health status of the world community. The higher the bioactive substance in preparation, the more significant the effect of the pharmacological efficacy response. P. canescens ethanol extract has good total phenolic content, total flavonoid content, and antioxidant action.
Objective: High blood sugar can lead to diabetes, a chronic illness which is becoming a public health challenge in the 21st century in Thailand. The aim of this study was to survey the local ...vegetables traditionally used by traditional healers for reducing hyperglycemia and normally consumed in Surat Thani Province and to analyze the total phenolic content (TPC) in these local vegetables.Methods: Data were collected using in-depth interview of traditional healers from nine districts of Surat Thani Province, and TPC of the extracts of vegetables collected was determined by Folin–Ciocalteu reagent method.Results: A total of 16 local vegetables have been found to be used by traditional healers for reducing blood sugar: Ocimun tenuiflorum Linn., Musa acuminate Colla, Cassia siamea (Lam.) Irwin and Barneby, Coccinia grandis (L.) Voigt, Pandanus amaryllifolius Roxb., Vigna unguiculata (L.) Walp. subsp. Unguiculata, Ipomoea aquatic Forssk., Phyllanthus emblica Linn., Solanum torvum Sw., Anacardium occidentale Linn., Momordica charantia Linn., Moringa oleifera Lamk., Archidendron jiringa Nielsen, Azadirachta indica A. Juss. var. Indica, Parkia speciosa Hassk., and Micromelum minutum (G. Forst.) Wight and Arn. In addition, the TPC results showed that the extract of A. occidentale Linn. exhibited the highest TPC (8.0±0.11 mg gallic acid equivalent (GAE)/g fresh weight) followed by the extract of M. minutum (G. Forst.) Wight and Arn. (3.99±0.10 mg GAE/g fresh weight).Conclusion: Local vegetables in Surat Thani were shown to be a good source of TPC, and the data from this study can serve as fundamental information for promoting consumption of selected local vegetables for diabetes prevention in the future.
Eggplant (
Solanum melangena
L.) seeds were treated with low pressure dielectric barrier air discharge plasma for the duration of
2
,
4
,
6
and 8 min in order to determine the condition of maximum ...seed germination rate with the plasma system used. Among the treatment conditions considered herein, 6 min treatment period provided the maximum seed germination rate of
∼
80
%
, where as it was
∼
46
%
for control. Further, PAWs were foliar sprayed to the plants grown from the control and
2
,
4
,
6
and 8 min treated seeds. Growth parameters along with the concentrations of antioxidant activities, total phenolic content (TPC), total soluble sugar (TSS) and protein (TSP) and mineral contents were determined. The results reveal that the plant growth parameters, antioxidant activities, TPC, TSS, TSP, and mineral concentrations of
Ca
,
Cu
,
Fe
,
Mn
, and
K
are increased,
Zn
is only reduced with respect to control. The results obtained in this experiment may provide a way for sustainable agriculture for eggplants instead of vulnerable traditional one.
An efficient method of solid-state fermentation (SSF) is reported for producing bioactive phenolic compounds using soil-isolated fungi. Antioxidant activity using a rapid DPPH (1,1-diphenyl-2-picryl ...hydrazyl), was employed to screen the 120 fungal isolates from soil.
and
were chosen, concerning their antioxidant activity and total phenolic content. These fungal strains were applied on agro residues viz. sugarcane bagasse, corn cob, rice straw, pea pod and wheat straw, to evaluate the release of phenolic compounds. The fermented extracts from various agro-residues showed good antioxidant activity against DPPH, ferric ion, and nitric oxide radicals. The highest antioxidant activity was observed in fermented extracts of sugarcane bagasse, followed by pea pod. Additionally, the total phenolic content in the fermented extracts positively correlated with antioxidant potential. This study highlights the significant potential of solid substrate fermentation using soil-isolated fungi and agro-residues to produce bioactive phenolic compounds with potent antioxidant properties. The utilization of SSF for the extraction of bioactive compounds from natural sources not only offers a clean and sustainable approach but also contributes to the valorization of agro-industrial residues.
Basil (
Ocimum basilicum L.) is used in traditional medicine, as a culinary herb and a well-known source of flavouring principles. Total antioxidant activity in 23 Iranian basil accessions was ...determined as Trolox equivalent antioxidant capacity (TEAC). Total phenolic contents were determined using a spectrophotometric technique, based on the Folin-Ciocalteau reagent, according to the method of Spanos and Wrolstad Journal of Agricultural & Food Chemistry, 38 (1990) 1565 and calculated as gallic acid equivalents GAE/g dw. Total antioxidant activity varied from 10.8 to 35.7 μM Trolox, and total phenolic content ranged from 22.9 to 65.5 mg gallic acid/g dw in “Dezful I” and “Babol” accessions, respectively. A linear positive relationship existed between the antioxidant activity and total phenolic acids content of the tested basil accessions (
R
2=0.71). Iranian basils possess valuable antioxidant properties for culinary and possible medicinal use.
Green propolis is found only in Brazil and due to its important biological characteristics, the food industry views it as a rich source of bioactive compounds. However, an extract must be produced ...for its application, which is difficult considering the rigid characteristics of raw propolis. Superfine grinding, a process capable of reducing particle size, enables the extraction of most bioactive compounds in propolis. This study evaluated the influence of grinding on size characteristics, antioxidant and antifungal properties of Brazilian green propolis for food preservation. The propolis powder was produced through six different types of grinding (different sieves and rpm), and its quality was evaluated by scanning electron microscopy-energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy. After grinding, extracts and bioactive assays were produced and the total phenolic content, antioxidant and antifungal capacity were determined. The data showed that the grinding process affected all the results of bioactive assays used. Treatment B (sieve 0.08 mm, 12,000 rpm) presented statistically significant values for the bioactivity assays and thus antifungal activity against Rhizopus stolonifer (doses 0-5 %) was tested only for the control (standardized size without superfine grinding) and treatment B. Both treatments showed antifungal activity, but the control provided more effective mycelial growth inhibition (lower dose 1 %). Superfine grinding increased the antioxidant activity, although this behavior was not observed in the antifungal assay. Despite these results, green propolis extracts present important biological effects that indicate their use as food preservatives to extend shelf life of food products.
The need for naturally occurring pharmaceutical compounds has long been a topic of interest. Azadiractin is a naturally occurring biopesticide in margosa species. Green chemistry principles are ...employed to conserve valuable resources and minimize ill effects on the environment. The present study reports the ultrasound-assisted extraction of the total phenolic content from Azadirachta indica leaves. The Taguchi technique was employed to optimize factors affecting the yield of the total phenolic content such as particle size (0.15-0.60 mm), temperature (25-55 °C), the solid to liquid ratio (1:20-1:50 g mL
−1
), and irradiation time (15-60 min). The statistical analysis revealed that particle size had the most significant effect on the yield, followed by temperature, irradiation time, and the solid to liquid ratio in that order. The optimized conditions resulted in a maximum yield of 30 milligram gallic acid equivalent per gram plant material of the total phenolic content. The rate constant and effective diffusivity were determined by the first-order kinetic model and Fick's second law of diffusion, respectively. The effective diffusivity evaluated under optimized experimental conditions was 6.85 × 10
−12
m
2
s
−1
.
Natural products have always enjoyed great popularity among consumers. Wild tea is an interesting alternative to tea from intensive plantations. The term "wild tea" is applied to many different ...varieties of tea, the most desirable and valued of which are native or indigenous tea plants. Special pro-health properties of wild tea are attributed to the natural conditions in which it grows. However, there are no complex studies that describe quality and health indicators of wild tea. The aim of this research was to evaluate the quality of wild and cultivated green tea from different regions of China: Wuzhishan, Baisha, Kunlushan, and Pu'Er. The assessment was carried out by verifying the concentration of selected chemical components in tea and relating it to the health risks they may pose, as well as to the nutritional requirements of adults. Wild tea was characterized by higher micronutrient concentration. The analyzed teas can constitute a valuable source of Mn in the diet. A higher concentration of nitrates and oxalates in cultivated tea can be associated with fertilizer use. The analyzed cultivated tea was a better source of antioxidants with a higher concentration of caffeine. There were no indications of health risks for wild or cultivated teas.
Vacuum impregnation is a novel methodology for adding various substances to porous foods. This study aimed to develop a cost effective automate system for vacuum impregnation of food materials to ...enhance their nutritional, functional and sensory properties depending on the functionality of the impregnation solution. The developed vacuum impregnation system includes a vacuum chamber, vacuum pump and an automation setup for creating and maintaining vacuum conditions, feeding impregnated solutions to the samples and releasing vacuum. Fresh-cut spinach leaves were impregnated with ascorbic acid (AsA) and calcium chloride (Cacl
2
) (10% concentration) in the setup in order to test the effect of the process on some biochemical properties. Statistical analysis revealed significant effect of vacuum impregnation on the biochemical properties (total soluble solids, total phenolic content, flavonoid content and free radical scavenging activity) and color of spinach leaves during storage up to 4 days. Impregnation process showed significant increase in the total phenolic and flavonoid content of the spinach leaves. Increment up to 78% in antioxidant activity was seen for the uncoated impregnated leaves as compared to 59% activity in untreated samples. Thus, products with desired parameters can be produced with this process with minimal impact on their properties at a lower cost and in a shorter time period.
Phenolic compounds play a crucial role as secondary metabolites due to their substantial biological activity and medicinal value. These compounds are present in various parts of plant species. This ...study focused on solid-liquid batch extraction to recover total phenolic compounds from Azadirachta indica leaves. The experimental design was based on the Taguchi L16 array, considering four independent factors: extraction time, temperature, particle size, and solid-to-solvent ratio. Among these factors, the particle size exerted the maximum influence. Particle size inversely affects the yield of total phenolic content (TPC), while temperature, time, and solid-to-liquid ratio have a direct impact. The process factors concerned were investigated both experimentally and through machine learning techniques. Support vector regression (SVR) and random forest method (RFM) algorithms were utilized for predicting TPC, while a genetic algorithm (GA) was employed to derive optimal process parameters. The GA predicts the optimal extraction factors, yielding the maximum TPC. During this study, these factors were the following: particle size of 0.15 mm, extraction time of 40 min, solid-to-liquid ratio of 1:25 g/mL, and a temperature of 55 °C, with a predicted value of 23.039 mg GAE/g of plant material. Notably, in this study, the SVR values of TPC yield closely matched the experimental values for the training and test data set when compared with the random forest method values.
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