This article attempts to identify models, including the conceptual ones related to social responsibility of universities through the meta-analysis of researches conducted in this field in Iran, and ...then, by showing the shortcomings of these models, on the one hand, the fundamental principles governing any form of conceptual formulation and on the other, alternative forms should be introduced that can realize the socially responsible university. This article focuses on the researches that were published in the last decade. In the first step, it tried to identify patterns based on the researches under review. Then, with a critical analysis, it was shown why it is necessary to go beyond the existing studies and think of alternative forms that can better formulate the responsibility of the university. In this research, three main forms of university, service-oriented (which itself is divided into two i.e. mission-oriented and citizen universities), and social university were identified based on the existing approaches in the study environment. These three forms were critically analyzed, so that the fourth form, i.e. ecological university could be introduced as a more socially-responsible alternative. Implicitly, we tried to show that the models and approaches have a fundamental role in shaping the research orientation, and thus the necessity of presenting alternative models because they create new theoretical and research possibilities. This research showed that without an ontological understanding, any form of social responsibility of the university can reduce aspects of the university in favor of preferred aspect (market or government); something that can be seen especially in Iranian academic researches on the social responsibility of the university. It is suggested that more attention needed to the ecological university as a specific alternative that Ronald Barnett had started to formulate.
Recent conceptual debates within carceral geography about spaces of detention have largely dismissed Goffman's micro-level analysis of closed spaces and interaction. As a response to Baer and ...Ravneberg's 2008 contribution to this journal on the inside/outside of prisons and the importance of indistinction, with its critical view on Goffman as a thinker/scholar of relevance to studying carceral geography, this article aims to re-engage with Goffman's Asylums in order to establish its applicability in terms of both theoretical and substantive implications for this sub-field. The concept of heterotopia, introduced by Baer and Ravneberg as a neo-institutional alternative to Goffman's theory, will be addressed in its relevance to understanding spaces of confinement. The empirical material is part of a research project about young women's experiences of closed institutions in Scotland, specifically prison environments, secure care and closed psychiatric units. Their descriptions of being locked up and their emotional, symbolic and embodied ways of understanding and coping include entangled encounters with closed or "total" space that show elements of spatial semi-permeability. This spatial state can be understood as partially open, allowing the passage of certain elements while acting as a barrier to others, and it can be found in Goffman's account of the total institution as well as in Baer and Ravneberg's experiences of prison. The semi-permeable nature of space in a closed institution - including its dimensions of inside and outside - does not become any clearer by postulating an empirical and theoretical juxtaposition between distinction and indistinction. An in-depth engagement with Goffman's insights into the micro world of a closed institution instead offers surprising contributions to the understanding of semi-permeable insides and outsides.
In this article, we present for the first time Schelling's early critique of absolute idealism within his middle metaphysics (1804-1820), which has great relevance and influence on the subsequent ...course of German philosophy, and, more broadly considered, on later systematic thinking about the categories of unity and duality. We aim to show how Schelling defends a form of metaphysical duality, from 1804 onwards, without relapsing into a stronger Kantian dualism. In this sense, our author rejects both the dualism between nature and spirit, necessity and freedom, as well as the monist-immanent metaphysical stance later associated with Hegelian panlogism. Against Hegel, Schelling increasingly vindicates the reality of the finite and degrades the infinite to mere ideality in a movement that resembles later existentialism. Furthermore, we defend Schelling against the accusation of irrationalism that sections of Hegelianism formulated against him and present the concept of infinity without the notion of totality, which he thinks of, much like Fichte, in the light of the concept of an 'infinite task'. Schelling's later criticisms of Hegel are shown to be influenced by his early idealist critique of the period at hand.
The totality-of-evidence approach requires that similarity between a proposed biosimilar and a reference biologic is demonstrated across a range of analytical, preclinical, and clinical parameters to ...establish biosimilarity. We describe the totality of evidence for Sandoz biosimilar pegfilgrastim (LA-EP2006 marketed as Ziextenzo) that supported its regulatory approval in Europe and the United States.
Analytical similarity to the reference biologic marketed by Amgen as Neulasta was first investigated with regard to physiochemical quality attributes such as primary structure, pegylation, higher-order structures, variants and impurities, molecular size variants, and formulation (protein content, pH, excipients, etc.). In vitro biological activity studies were performed to examine the primary mechanism of action of pegfilgrastim. Bioequivalence (clinical pharmacokinetics PK and pharmacodynamics PD) of Sandoz biosimilar pegfilgrastim to the reference biologic was studied in healthy volunteers; efficacy, safety, and immunogenicity were assessed during confirmatory clinical efficacy studies in patients undergoing treatment for breast cancer.
No meaningful or relevant differences were identified between Sandoz biosimilar pegfilgrastim and the reference biologic during analytical testing. Similar receptor binding and induction of cellular proliferation in vitro confirmed no functional differences between the biologics. Clinical studies in healthy adult participants demonstrated PK/PD biosimilarity and a similar safety profile between biosimilar and reference pegfilgrastim. Clinical studies in a sensitive patient population also demonstrated similar efficacy, safety, and immunogenicity between Sandoz biosimilar pegfilgrastim and the reference biologic.
The totality of evidence confirms that Sandoz biosimilar pegfilgrastim matches the reference biologic and will therefore provide equivalent efficacy and safety in all eligible indications.
The world-system constructed since Modernity is governed by the scheme of ‘Totality’, a category that, understood from Dussel as the imposed universalization, it supposes the alienation of the ...non-Being, the annihilation of other possible worlds. This article starts from the aforesaid Totality, in which the privileged (post)modern Subject becomes the ultimate criterion of Truth and turns the Others into his enemies (qualifying them as ‘barbarians’, ‘infidels’ or ‘savages’, an updated terminology under labels such as ‘illegals’, ‘refugees’ or ‘terrorists’). The identity that is at stake is ontological, the one that admits only the equal. It is the identity reduced to the essence, the one considered by authors such as Hegel, Nietzsche and Habermas. But, as these paragraphs defend from Lèvinas and Dussel, the finitude of human being as human causes that Totality is never perfectly closed. The key lies in the alterative experience that enables positive identity.
El sistema-mundo construido desde la modernidad se rige por el esquema de la ‘Totalidad’, categoría que, entendida desde Dussel como la universalización impuesta, supone la alienación del no-Ser, la aniquilación de los otros mundos posibles. Este artículo parte de dicha Totalidad, en la que el sujeto (post)moderno privilegiado se erige en el criterio último de verdad y hace de los Otros sus enemigos (calificándoles de ‘bárbaros’, ‘infieles’ o ‘salvajes’, una terminología actualizada bajo las etiquetas de ‘ilegales’, ‘refugiados’ o ‘terroristas’). La identidad que está en juego es ontológica, la que admite únicamente lo igual. Es la identidad reducida a la esencia por la que pasan autores como Hegel, Nietzsche, y Habermas. Pero, como defienden estos párrafos a partir de Lèvinas y Dussel, la finitud del ser humano como humano provoca que la Totalidad no esté nunca perfectamente cerrada. La clave reside en la experiencia alterativa que posibilita la identidad positiva
The two-hundredth anniversary of the publication of Hegel's Philosophy of Right allows us to provide an array of exciting interpretations of his work. In one interpretation, exemplified by the ...reactions of Johann Friedrich Herbart (discussed here by Frederick Beiser) and of Karl Marx (discussed here by Jacob Roundtree), Hegel's holism is a product of a romantic or mystical metaphysics that prioritizes the invisible reality of the Idea over visible realities. In another interpretation (advanced here by Roundtree himself and by Darren Nah, Alan Patten, and Paul Rosenberg), Hegel's holism is instrumental to preserving individual freedoms or interests by embedding them in a larger cultural or institutional context. A third interpretation, not necessarily incompatible with the second (and exemplified here by contributions from Frederick Neuhouser, Angelica Nuzzo, and Terry Pinkard), treats the Hegelian whole as rational intrinsically, not merely because it is instrumental to other ends.
The development of a biosimilar is based on comparative structural, physicochemical, functional and clinical assessments. The sum of these analyses encompasses the 'totality of evidence', which ...demonstrates no clinically meaningful differences between the biosimilar and the reference product (RP). Once biosimilarity has been established, provided there is suitable scientific justification, clinical data may be extrapolated to other indications of the RP. AVT02 has been developed as a biosimilar to high-concentration, low-volume Humira (adalimumab), an anti-tumour necrosis factor-alpha monoclonal antibody approved for various chronic inflammatory indications. The totality of evidence for AVT02 is described, supporting its approval as an adalimumab biosimilar for all approved indications globally. Analytical similarity assessments using mass spectrometry methods demonstrated identical amino acid sequences for AVT02 and the RP, with high similarity in terms of primary structure, post-translational modifications and higher-order structural attributes. The mechanism of action was assessed by various cell-based potency assays and binding assays, and the results demonstrated that AVT02 is highly similar to the RP. No clinically meaningful differences in terms of purity, potency and safety were observed, and minor differences in a few physiochemical attributes did not impact the
biologic activity and were not considered clinically relevant. Clinical similarity was demonstrated by comparing the pharmacokinetic, efficacy, safety and immunogenicity profiles of AVT02 with those of the RP. Clinical studies supported similar pharmacokinetic and comparable immunogenicity profiles between AVT02 and the RP in healthy participants and participants with moderate-to-severe chronic plaque psoriasis, with no new safety signals detected. The totality of evidence described demonstrates the biosimilarity of AVT02 to the RP, thereby fulfilling the scientific and regulatory requirements for AVT02 as a high-concentration biosimilar for the treatment of chronic plaque psoriasis and all approved indications of the RP.
Psychosomatic symptoms are common and result in high health care costs. An etiological understanding is of importance for psychotherapy. In the present study, a psychosomatic model (the "axis of ...psychosomatic totality") developed from clinical experience and previous literature was empirically examined. Twenty patients with psychosomatic symptoms were included in the study. To obtain the greatest possible stratification, all diagnosis groups between the ages of 18 and 65 years eligible for treatment in a psychosomatic clinic were included, for example, primarily mood disorders and neurotic, stress-related and somatoform disorders. A semistructured interview was conducted, audio-documented, and transcribed. A codebook was created based on the first codings. Data from the interviews were analyzed using grounded theory methods. The codes showed good interrater reliability. Statements about bodily symptoms could be assigned to the symbolic pole, asymbolic poles I and II, the imaginary zone, and the logic pole of the axis of psychosomatic totality. Most symptoms could be assigned to the imaginary zone, which reflects the unconscious imaginary body image (n = 157). Symbolic symptoms arising against the background of unconscious conflicts were also frequently mentioned (n = 99), while symptoms on the asymbolic poles I and II were reported less frequently (n = 37, n = 18). In particular, the transitions from the imaginary zone to the adjacent poles were fluid. The dimensions of the axis of psychosomatic totality were directly reflected in the bodily symptoms reported in the interviews. A questionnaire suitable for use in larger psychosomatic samples should now be developed based on patients' statements.
心身症状很常见，并会导致高昂的医疗费用。病因学理解对于心理治疗很重要。在本研究中，对于自临床经验和先前文献发展出来的心身模型（心身整体轴）进行了实证检查。方法：本研究纳入了20例有心身症状的患者。为了获得尽可能大的分层，年龄在18至65岁之间有资格在心身诊所接受治疗的所有诊断组都被纳入其中，主要是情绪障碍和神经症，压力相关和躯体形式障碍。对他们进行了半结构化访谈，进行了录音和转录。基于最初编码创建了密码本。访谈数据使用扎根理论方法进行了分析。这些代码显示出良好的评判间信度。结果：关于身体症状的陈述可以分配个心身整体轴的象征极，非象征极点I和II，想象区和心身整体轴的逻辑极。大多数症状可归因于想象区，它反映了无意识的想象身体形象（n = 157）。在无意识冲突背景下出现的象征性症状也经常被提及（n = 99）, 而非象征极点I和II的症状则较少被报道（n = 37, n = 18）。特别是，从想象区到相邻极点的过渡是流动的。结论：心身整体轴的维度直接反映在访谈中报告的身体症状中。现在应该基于患者的陈述制定适用于更大的心身样本的问卷
Stemming from the exceptionalist understanding of the 1979 revolution and/or relying on the key political and economic characteristics of the rentier state theory, most explanations of the Iranian ...post-revolutionary state privilege national space and downgrade capitalism as a totalizing unity. In contrast, this article defines the state as a set of institutional forms reflective of social relations that are generated from contestations over the processes of capital accumulation, arguing that these national social relations have been constituted through their interaction with global social relations. Accordingly, by documenting a conspicuous institutional reorganization of the Iranian state since the late 1980s, it contends that this transformation is the consequence of the reconfiguration of the class basis of the state. The article maintains that this class reconfiguration is internally related to the process of Iranian neoliberalization which has been spawned as a result of the interaction of global and local dynamics.
This article reconstructs and defends Theodor Adorno’s social theory by motivating the central role of abstract domination within it. Whereas critics such as Axel Honneth have charged Adorno with ...adhering to a reductive model of personal domination, I argue that the latter rather understands domination as a structural and de-individualized feature of capitalist society. If Adorno’s social theory is to be explanatory, however, it must account for the source of the abstractions that dominate modern individuals and, in particular, that of value. While such an account remains undeveloped in Adorno, Marx provides resources for its development, in positing the constitution of value neither in production nor exchange alone, but in the social totality. This article argues that Marx’s account is compatible with Adorno’s, and that it may be used to render Adorno’s theory of domination more credible on explanatory grounds.
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