Gutt argued that Relevance theory (RT), proposed by Deirdre Wilson and Dan Sperber (1986/1995), is sufficient to account for most types of translation on its own. This bold claim has given rise to ...substantial debate in both the Chinese and English translation scenes. One of the most significant debates on RT's explanatory power has been that between Zhao Yanchun and Wang Bin (2000), with the latter arguing that RT cannot resolve discrepancies caused by the different cultures of the two languages. In Wang's terminology, this becomes a problem of cultural default. While Wang viewed the difficulties as resulting primarily from specific cultural aspects of simplified Chinese language, I contend that it is, in particular, the visual aspects of Chinese, as well as of the visual poetry genre, that give rise to significant communicative challenges. This area remains underexplored by RT scholars, including Gutt. This PhD project responds to Gutt's bold claim by exploring Chinese to English translation using visual poetry and human-based data from translators. Focusing on the significant challenges caused by discrepancies between logographic and alphabetic languages, I begin by reflecting on how the English translation of Chinese visual poems might be accounted for based on the concepts and assumptions of RT as developed by Gutt and other scholars who have sought to relate RT to literature or translation. I then investigate the extent to which the cognitive processes of translators, as observed via a natural and traditional collection method Think-Aloud Protocols (TAPs), confirm those same concepts and assumptions. The second goal of my research builds on Gutt's efforts to demonstrate the applicability of RT by proposing a practice‒oriented model for the logographic to alphabetic language translation of literary texts. Based on the twofold approach from my first research goal, I develop a practice‒oriented model of translation that is designed to be of use in translation practice and training.
The volume presents Avenzoar's Regimen of Health (from twelfth-century Spain) in its medieval Latin and Hebrew translations from Arabic, together with an English version, and demonstrates in detail ...how the translation team--one Jew, one Christian--negotiated its collaborative result.
Chinese culture of the Six Dynasties period (220-589) saw a blossoming of stories of the fantastic.Zhiguai, "records of the strange" or "accounts of anomalies," tell of encounters with otherness, in ...which inexplicable and uncanny phenomena interrupt mundane human affairs. They depict deities, ghosts, and monsters; heaven, the underworld, and the immortal lands; omens, metamorphoses, and trafficking between humans and supernatural beings; and legendary figures, strange creatures, and natural wonders in the human world.Hidden and Visible Realms, traditionally attributed to Liu Yiqing, is one of the most significantzhiguaicollections, distinguished by its varied contents, elegant writing style, and fascinating stories. It is also among the earliest collections heavily influenced by Buddhist beliefs, values, and concerns. Beyond the traditionalzhiguainarratives, it includes tales of karmic retribution, reincarnation, and Buddhist ghosts, hell, and magic. In this annotated first complete English translation,Zhenjun Zhang gives English-speaking readers a sense of the wealth and wonder of thezhiguaicanon.Hidden and Visible Realmsopens a window into the lives, customs, and religious beliefs and practices of early medieval China and the cultural history of Chinese Buddhism. In the introduction, Zhang explains the key themes and textual history of the work.
Abstract
Magnified translation of fuzzy AT-subalgebras and fuzzy AT-ideals on AT-algebras are discussed. Relations among magnified translations, them are investigated.
Autorka argumentuje, że istnienie subiektywności wymaga przypisania Bogu dodatkowego atrybutu, który nazywa wszechsubiektywnością. Jest to własność świadomego ujmowania z doskonałą trafnością i w ...sposób całkowity każdego świadomego stanu każdego świadomego stworzenia z pierwszoosobowej perspektywy tego stworzenia – z perspektywy ja. W obronie możliwości wszechsubiektywności odwołuje się do analogii z empatią. Jak argumentuje, że biorąc pod uwagę istnienie świadomych istot we wszechświecie, wszechsubiektywność wynika z takich tradycyjnych atrybutów, jak wszechwiedza i wszechobecność, i jest implikowana przez tradycyjne praktyki modlitewne. Na koniec, wykorzystując ideę ujmowania przez jedną osobę subiektywności drugiej, Autorka podaje pewne wyjaśnienie różnic między świadomościami Osób Trójcy Świętej.
The author argues that the existence of subjectivity requires an addition to the traditional attributes of God, which she calls the attribute omnisubjectivity. It is the property of consciously grasping with perfect accuracy and completeness every conscious state of every conscious creature from that creature’s first- person perspective — the perspective of I. The author uses the analogy of empathy to defend the possibility of omnisubjectivity. She argues that given the existence of conscious beings in the universe, omnisubjectivity is entailed by such traditional attributes as omniscience and omnipresence, and it is implied by traditional practices of prayer. The author concludes by using the idea of one person’s grasp of another person’s subjectivity to give a possible explanation of the differences in the consciousness of the Persons of the Trinity.
The question of what makes a text 'literary' has been philosophically evergreen, stretching back to Aristotle's Poetics and weathering every critical approach through the modern era. Since the 1970s, ...researchers in the field of Empirical Studies in Literature (ESL) have tried to determine whether literary processing is principally text-directed (the formalist position) or reader-directed (the conventionalist position), based on observations of actual readers. Given the widespread characterisation of reading as intensely subjective, we might expect to see a huge diversity of response-yet major studies in ESL have reported results in favour of the formalist position. In expanding its sample beyond undergraduates, this survey-based study of Japanese poetry in English translation gives diversity of response a greater chance to emerge, and produces evidence suggesting that the case for the formalist position is not as strong as previously thought. Moreover, this thesis engages with recent work in Translation Studies to account for the translated-ness of its stimulus texts. Recognising translation as an important litmus test for understanding 'literariness,' this thesis operationalises a major contemporary theory of translation for the first time: Venuti's (1995 2008) theory of foreignisation. Against its proponent's objections, I make the case for the amenability of this theory to empirical testing, laying the groundwork for further study. Building on Eco (1990), I advance a useful new concept (intentio translatoris) to schematise the dynamics of reader response in Venuti's theory and explain the shifting criteria by which he describes translations as foreignising. Following an in-depth comparison between Russian Formalism and Venuti's foreignisation, I conclude that the latter theory does not totally escape the instrumental model it rejects. I do this to challenge unspoken assumptions about the translator as source of invariance, and to encourage a reassessment of the role of intentio lectoris in reading literature in translation.
This work is a complete English translation of the Latin Etymologies of Isidore, Bishop of Seville (c.560–636). Isidore compiled the work between c.615 and the early 630s and it takes the form of an ...encyclopedia, arranged by subject matter. It contains much lore of the late classical world beginning with the Seven Liberal Arts, including Rhetoric, and touches on thousands of topics ranging from the names of God, the terminology of the Law, the technologies of fabrics, ships and agriculture to the names of cities and rivers, the theatrical arts, and cooking utensils. Isidore provides etymologies for most of the terms he explains, finding in the causes of words the underlying key to their meaning. This book offers a highly readable translation of the twenty books of the Etymologies, one of the most widely known texts for a thousand years from Isidore's time.
This study brings to light a history of English Renaissance Aeneids that has been lost from view. This book covers the period from the beginning of Elizabeth's reign to the start of the English Civil ...War, during which time there were thirteen authors who composed substantial translations of Virgil's epic. These translators include prominent literary figures - such as Richard Stanyhurst, Christopher Marlowe, and Sir John Harington - as well as scholars, schoolmasters, and members of parliament. Rather than simply viewing these Aeneids as scattered efforts preceding Dryden and the 'golden age' of Augustan translation, this book argues that these works represent a recognizable and important period of English classical translation. Drawing on manuscripts and printed sources, the book sketches a continuous portrait of the English Aeneid s as they developed through the ages of Elizabeth, James, and Charles I.
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