The authors study differences in the effects of prices, nonprice promotions, and brand line length on brand shares at different retail formats. Their conceptual framework rests on the presence of ...trip-level fixed and category-level variable utility components and shows how the trade-off between these components results in (1) different formats visited on different types of shopping trips and (2) differential marginal sensitivities of brand shares to changes in marketing-mix variables across trip types. Together, these provide predictions on how marketing-mix variables differentially affect brand shares at various retail formats. The authors use Nielsen Homescan and store-level data from 2011–2014 and analyze the top ten spending product categories across four retail formats—convenience stores, drugstores, supermarkets, and mass merchandisers—in over 200 Nielsen markets. Implications for brand manufacturers managing the marketing mix across different formats are offered. JEL codes: M310, L11, D4
The study explores the meaning-making of cultural heritage in school field trips to five sites in the region Östergötland in Sweden. It treats the materiality of the place and experiences of the ...guides and the pupils, obtained in school as well as in other contexts, as meaning-making resources during the site visits. It emphasises that sites should be seen as processes, open to interpretations and reinterpretations. The visitor is steered by expectations and common values as well as by the ways in which the heritage site is displayed and presented. In the present study, both adults (guides) and children (pupils) are defined as visitors. The authors draw on theories from history education research and from heritage studies when interpreting how pupils encounter heritage sites, they underline the centrality of 'the flesh and embodied agency' in the experience of sites. This title is also available as Open Access on Cambridge Core.
Modeling external and empty freight trips helps in better planning and scheduling of transportation operations. This can lead to more effective route planning, load consolidation, and overall ...optimization of transportation networks. In this study external and empty truck trips modeled using Freight Analysis Framework (FAF) and Highway Performance Measurement System (HPMS) data with generating trip outputs from POLARIS agent-based simulation framework. The model then applied to the Austin metropolitan area, Texas, USA. The model estimated single and multi-unit AADT values with 91% and 93.4% accuracy compared with the HPMS volume, respectively. The estimated error – 9% and 6.6% - is due to the shortest path routing that may prefer faster routes on certain highways. Truck trips on large volume links tend to be overestimated while short links underestimate truck trips to some extent.
This study describes and investigates the immersion principle in multimedia learning. A sample of 102 middle school students took a virtual field trip to Greenland via a head mounted display (HMD) or ...a 2D video as an introductory lesson within a 6-lesson inquiry-based climate change intervention. The HMD group scored significantly higher than the video group on presence (
d
= 1.43), enjoyment (
d
= 1.10), interest (
d
= .57), and retention in an immediate (
d
= .61) and delayed posttest (
d
= .70). A structural equation model indicated that enjoyment mediated the pathway from instructional media to immediate posttest, and interest mediated the pathway from instructional media to delayed posttest score, indicating that these factors may play different roles in the learning process with immersive media. This work contributes to the cognitive affective model of immersive learning, and suggests that immersive lessons can have positive longitudinal effects for learning.
The paper presents a framework to guide industrial trips in engineering training. The framework was developed through an assessment of various practices relating to industrial trips, gathered from ...institutional websites and published works on industrial trips, as well as the authors’ experience in leading students for industrial trips. A draft framework was first shared with some lecturers and students as well as electrical engineers working in Ghana’s power sector. Comments from them were incorporated in the draft framework to produce the final document. The finalized framework when adopted by institutions will greatly enhance the effectiveness of industrial trips which will lead to improved training of students.
As a non-motorized active transportation modes, bike-sharing can be resistant, resilient and sustainable in respond to COVID-19.
This study aims to examine time-varying effects of neighbouring built ...environment and socio-demographic characteristics on station-level urban bike-sharing trips under the influence of COVID-19. Specifically, the bike-sharing data for Citi Bike stations in New York City were collected across three periods: pre-COVID-19, the early outbreak period, and the stabilization period. To completely measure the station-level bike-sharing travel, two travel demand indexes are used: amount of trips generated in a station (trip frequency) and average duration of trips (trip duration). The spatial regression approach was utilized for model building.
The empirical results revealed that the estimated effects of neighbouring characteristics on station-level bike-sharing travel demand have changed during the three tested periods. For instance, the differences in the trip frequency of bike-sharing due to age decreased in light of COVID-19. The results also demonstrated that it is necessary to integrate trip frequency and trip duration to measure the bike-sharing travel because certain factors may have different impacts on these two indicators. Such as, during the stable period of COVID-19, the setting of bicycle lanes reduced the trip frequency but extended the trip duration. Conversely, the setting of bus stops or subway stations increased the trip frequency but reduced the trip duration.
Our findings provide practical implications for both government transportation planning and operators of bike-sharing company.
•Effects of built environment on bike-sharing trips under COVID-19 are explored.•Three different periods related to COVID-19 development are examined.•Trip frequency and trip duration are used to measure station-level bike-sharing travel.•Age difference in bike-sharing usage is decreased in light of COVID-19.
•The study used a methodology to estimate average intrazonal trip distances.•The method was applied in a Brazilian medium-sized city.•Two analytical approaches were explored: continuous and ...discontinuous models.•Global and individual models for walking, cycling, and auto trips were built.•The results provided satisfactory estimations when compared with existing models.
The objective of this study is to estimate average intrazonal trip distances in a medium-sized city. The analysis was based on an origin-destination (O/D) survey conducted in the city of São Carlos, Brazil. The urban area was subdivided several times, producing 471 study areas based on traffic analysis zones (TAZ). The geometrical characteristics of the zones that might influence the distances of intrazonal trips were identified. Numerical indicators of the selected geometrical patterns were compared with the average values of intrazonal trip distances to search for evidence of correlations between these variables. Two analytical approaches were explored: i) continuous and ii) discontinuous. In the first case, all trips were considered as a single dataset, whereas in the second dataset they were split into two subsets according to the area of the zones. The datasets with higher correlation were used to build global and individual models to estimate intrazonal trip distances. In the global models, walking, cycling, and auto trips were considered part of a common dataset. The three transport modes were separately taken in the stratified models. The values obtained from these models were then compared with the estimations of other models found in the literature. The results obtained from the discontinuous models provided satisfactory estimations of average intrazonal trip distances, at least in the context of the studied city.
The importance of scientific trips between Islamic countries lies in the fact that they represent a manifestation of civilization and intellectual sophistication. The exchanged trips of scholars ...between the scholars of Basra and Yemen contributed to the deepening of scientific ties between the two countries, and given their distinguished scientific weight and their leading intellectual role in Islamic civilization for many centuries
Resumen: Gliricidia sepium (Jacq.) (Fabales: Fabaceae) es utilizada como cerca viva y forraje para ganado vacuno en Panamá. Presenta flores que constituyen albergue y alimentación para diversas ...especies de insectos, principalmente de trips (Thysanoptera) que se asocian como plaga a cultivos de la familia Cucurbitaceae y Solanaceae, lo que justifica el presente estudio. El estudio se realizó en el pacífico de Coclé en Panamá durante el periodo lluvioso de diciembre de 2021, hasta el período seco de marzo de 2022, que se asocia con la floración de las plantas. Para ello se eligieron 10 localidades en un tramo de 103 kilómetros donde se encuentran plantas de G. sepium establecidas como cercas vivas, seleccionando en cada localidad un árbol del cual se tomaron cuatro flores, que fueron introducidas en viales de vidrio con alcohol al 70 % para colectar los trips presentes cada quince días. Los especímenes capturados de trips fueron preparados en laminas fijas para su respectiva identificación con claves dicotómicas disponibles y se procedió al registro de los especímenes capturados para obtener el total y sexo de estos. Los resultados de los muestreos indican la presencia de poblaciones de Frankliniella insularis (Franklin) (Thysanoptera: Thripidae) en las flores de G. sepium. Esta especie es considerada plaga de especies de las familias Fabaceae y Rutaceae que como resultado del cambio climático y la expansión geográfica de sus plantas hospederas como es el caso de G. sepium, podría potencialmente adquirir un estatus de plaga primaría en agroecosistemas y cultivos sensitivos a la seguridad alimentaria en diferentes regiones del país.
