In Slovenia national strategies to prevent hepatitis B virus (HBV) infection in children were introduced in the mid-nineties. The aim of the present study was to analyze the epidemiological ...characteristics of chronic hepatitis B infection in children in Slovenia after the introduction of mandatory HBV vaccination of children and mandatory screening of pregnant women for HBV surface antigen (HBsAg) with consecutive active and passive immunization of newborns of HBsAg-positive mothers.
Children from all regions of Slovenia whose blood samples tested positive for HBsAg at the national reference laboratory for viral hepatitis between January 1997 and December 2010 were included. Demographic, epidemiological and virological data were reviewed retrospectively. Statistical evaluation of the patients' characteristics was performed and possible trends during the observation period determined.
Among 52 HBsAg-positive children, there were 22 (42.3%) girls and 30 (57.7%) boys. Among 40 children tested for HBeAg, 17 were positive (42.5%). The most frequent risk factor for acquiring HBV infection was "presence of HBV infection within the family" (24/35; 68.8%). A significant association between the presence of HBeAg and a viral load of >20,000 IU/ml was found (p=0.001). The difference in the proportion of children of Slovenian origin born before 1994 and after was statistically significant (p=0.039). A statistically significant negative linear trend of the number of diagnosed children in the observed period was found (p=0.006).
Prevention strategies adopted in the mid-nineties have resulted in the elimination of chronic hepatitis B in children of Slovenian origin born in Slovenia.
Preschool children have significant health issues. From the relevant legislation and regulations, it can be seen that kindergarten teachers (KTs) and kindergarten teacher assistants (KTAs) are ...expected to be familiarwith the basic hygienic measures and steps for preventing injuries and illnesses, to recognize infectious diseases, and to know how to give the first aid. To gain these skills, a continuous life-long learning is necessary, because the characteristics of diseases are changing. Study design: original research.
45 kindergartens in Slovenia were randomly selected and a questionnaire with 17 questions on health themes was sent. An analysis was performed via SPSS 17.0, using descriptive methods and nonparametric χ
tests.
There were 774 participants, of whom 56% were KTs and 44% KTAs. The share of KTs and KTAs who consider their knowledge of health principles to be very good or excellent is 67%. Their estimation of first aid knowledge is lower. They are also well aware of the importance of health knowledge in their work; a total of 87% strongly agree with this. The results also show that they are familiar with hygiene principles. The χ
test showed there are certain statistically characteristic connections between the age of teachers and their assistants, occupation and work experiences.
Because children are a particularly vulnerable group, teachers can encounter injuries and sudden illnesses at their work. Supplementary education is necessary among skilled workers in educational institutions, including kindergartens.
In 2008, the IUCN uplisted the Curlew to near-threatened (NT) on its Red List. The bird's population in Slovenia is localised and small, thus making it very important to be surveyed every year. Using ...the point count method, we recorded 9-12 breeding pairs in 2011 and 9-10 pairs in 2012 at Ljubljansko barje. Most of them were distributed in the eastern part of the area between the village of Lipe and the river Iscica, whereas only two occupied territories were discovered in 2011 and one in 2012 in the western part of the area. In a ten-year period, the area underwent agricultural intensification, with lowland non-intensive meadows declining by 50%. As a minimal requirement, meadows within the extent of the Curlew's current distribution at Ljubljansko barje should be non-intensively managed (late first cut, no fertilizing or sowing of grass mixtures) and all other human activities prohibited from the beginning of March till the end of June (dog walking and training, ballooning, aircraft modelling). Based on the results of 2011 survey, Ljubljansko barje was designated an IBA for breeding Eurasian Curlews under the IBA criteria A1 and C1.
Pitje alkohola je precej velik slovenski problem; še posebej so izpostavljeni mladi pivci. Pomembne so preventivne in intervencijske metode v populaciji študentov, a v Sloveniji to področje še ni ...dovolj razvito. Sistematični pregled literature ponuja vpogled v raziskovanje tega problema drugod po svetu in osvetljuje to področje pri nas.
Iz treh različnih baz (PubMED, Cochrane in PsychINFO) smo s pomočjo ključnih besed (alcohol drinking/ consumption/abuse, prevention and control, students, intervention(s)) izbrali izvirne članke v angleškem jeziku. Nanašali so se na mlade, stare od 18 do 25 let; obravnavali so vedenje glede pitja alkohola in vsebovali preventivne ali intervencijske dejavnosti.
Za prenos intervencij moramo poznati okolje, družbo in družbeni razvoj. Za učinkovite ukrepe so se pokazali: presejanje, kratki ukrepi ob ugotovljenem tveganem pitju (individualni in prek svetovnega spleta), motivacijski razgovori, spodbujanje mladih k idejam o nepitju alkohola, nadzor nad porabo alkohola znotraj študentskih naselij, povišanje cen alkoholnih pijač, omejitev oglaševanja in reorganizacija vplivov na spremembe vrednot, ki vplivajo na porabo alkohola.
Specifičnost mlade/študentske populacije predstavlja izziv in dobro naložbo za prihodnost.
Alcohol drinking is quite a large problem in Slovenia; young people are particularly exposed to hazardous and also harmful drinking. Prevention and intervention methods are most important in the student population, but in Slovenia this area is not yet sufficiently developed. A systematic literature review provides insight into the research of the problem worldwide and is highlighted in this area in Slovenia.
We selected original articles in the English language from three different databases (PubMED, Cochrane and PsychINFO) using keywords in English (alcohol drinking/consumption/abuse, prevention and control, students, intervention(s)). Articles relating to young adults aged 18 to 25 years, studying the behaviour with regard to drinking alcohol and including prevention or intervention activities.
To be able to transfer various interventions into our environment, the expertise of milieu, society and social development must be know. Effective preventive actions are screening, brief individual or web based interventions, motivational interviews, promoting ideas about not drinking alcohol to young people, supervision over alcohol consumption in student areas, increase in prices of alcoholic beverages, advertisement restrictions according to alcohol and changing the values that affect levels of alcohol consumption.
The specificity of the young/student population is the challenge and a good investment for the future.
Among free living animals in Slovenia, wild boar (Sus scrofa) damages agricultural land by rooting and primarily by directly feeding on open fields. In some areas of Slovenia this large wildlife ...animal causes more than 50% of all estimated damage to cultivated plants grown on arable and forage fields. Many techniques for controlling wild boar and preventing damage are known, but none of them is optimal. In a trial for preventing wild boar ingress into maize fields different designs of electric fence system were used. The trial in which we used an electric fence to prevent wild boar from entering a maize field was erected in the area of Šmihel near Postojna (Slovenia). We decided to erect the electric fence at the end of July, after the fertilization of the maize. The following designs of electric fence systems were used: 1) a plastic post with a polywire and two polytapes with spacings of 15, 15, and 30 cm between them; 2) a plastic post with polywire and a polytape with spacings 25 and 25 cm between them; 3) a steal post as a wire offset in an inverted L shape on which three screws on rod insulators were fixed at a height of 15, 30, and 55 cm from the ground. A polytape at a height of 30 cm acted as depth and it was a so-called three-dimensional design of electric fence. No breaks through fencing were observed until the harvesting time of the maize for silage, although boar tracks on the outside of the fenced field were observed. Damage to arable fields in the vicinity of the protected field was also recorded.
Divji prašič (Sus scrofa) je v Sloveniji pomembna prostoživeča vrsta. Škodo povzroča na kmetijskih zemljiščih, in sicer z ritjem in neposrednim hranjenjem. Na nekaterih območjih Slovenije predstavlja škoda po divjem prašiču več kot 50 % vse s strani kmetov prijavljene škode. Ta je vezana tako na gojene kot samonikle rastline, namenjene za živež ali živalsko krmo. Za preprečevanje škode po divjem prašiču na poljščinah je znanih več načinov; ti pogosto niso dovolj učinkoviti, so predragi ali moteči pri oskrbi poljščin. Za preprečevanje vdora divjega prašiča na koruzno njivo smo v našem poskusu uporabili začasno elektroograjo. Na območju Šmihela pri Postojni je bil izveden poskus varovanja posevka (silažne) koruze pred divjim prašičem od konca julija (zadnje dognojevanje) do spravila pridelka. Uporabljene so bile naslednje tri postavitve začasne elektroograje: 1) plastični količek z elektrovrvico in dvema elektrotrakoma z razmiki 15,15 in 30 cm, 2) plastični količek z elektrovrvico in elektrotrakom z razmikoma 25 in 25 cm, in 3) železni količek v obliki distančnika (številke 7) in višino vrvice/trakov 15, 30 in 55 cm. Elektrotrak pri slednji postavitvi je na višini 30 cm deloval kot globina oziroma tretja dimenzija. Med poskusom vse do spravila pridelka ni prišlo do vdora divjih prašičev na ograjeni del zemljišča. Na zunanji strani ograje so bile opazne sledi divjega prašiča. Škoda zaradi preučevanega škodljivca je bila ugotovljena na sosednjih njivah, ki niso bile varovane.
Skrb za pitno vodo Cerar, Sonja; Cosma, Claudia; Polajnar Horvat, Katarina ...
2014
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Safeguarding Drinking WaterLjubljana's water resources lie in the immediate vicinity of built-up urban areas or even below them. For decades, they have been safeguarded as water-protection areas, ...which are specified by implementing regulations. However, formal protection through regulations is insufficient if the goal is to manage these sources in a sustainable manner. One of the most important goals of sustainable management is maintaining suitable provision of fresh drinking water without using any technological procedures to
Zaradi nezadostnega sodelovanja lastnikov pri upravljanju večstanovanjskih stavb upravljanje mnogih stanovanjskih zgradb v Hongkongu ni učinkovito. Ustrezno upravljanje stanovanjskih blokov je namreč ...odvisno od prostovoljnih prizadevanj posameznih lastnikov. Ti pogosto izkoriščajo upravljavske napore drugih, saj koristi dobrega upravljanja stavb pojmujejo kot skupno dobro. Poleg spodbud, kot so subvencije, ki jih ponujajo državni organi, in strožji ukrepi odgovornih organov zoper lastnike, ki zanemarjajo svoje stavbe, tudi raziskovalci trdijo, da bi bile lahko pri obravnavanju problemov, povezanih z upravljanjem večstanovanjskih stavb, učinkovite tudi rešitve skupnosti. Povečuje se namreč zanimanje za uporabo socialnega kapitala, ki velja za dobrino zaupanja, vzajemnosti in sodelovanja, da bi se spodbudilo kulturo sodelovanja med lastniki, vendar primanjkuje empiričnih raziskav o tem, ali ima socialni kapital res pomembno vlogo pri upravljanju večstanovanjskih stavb. Ta raziskava preučuje povezavo med socialnim kapitalom in sodelovanjem lastnikov pri upravljanju večstanovanjskih stavb v Hongkongu. Ugotovitve te raziskave imajo pomembne posledice v praksi in stanovanjski politiki. Za trajnostno upravljanje obstoječega stavbnega fonda v Hongkongu lahko javni upravljavci poleg uporabe finančnih spodbud ali nespodbud usmerijo svoje napore k razvoju občutka pripadnosti skupnosti.
Koncept varstva pred škodljivim delovanjem voda se sistemsko nanaša na odnos med poplavno nevarnostjo, poplavno ranljivostjo in poplavno ogroženostjo. Doslej je bila pozornost usmerjena predvsem na ...postopke in vsebine, povezane s poplavno nevarnostjo. Pri raziskovalnem delu s partnerji pa obravnavamo tudi poplavno ranljivost in ogroženost, kar omogoča začetek procesov za sistemsko zmanjšanje slednje. V prispevku bo predstavljen osnovni teoretični pristop, ki opredeljuje poplavno ranljivost, in iz tega izhajajočo poplavno ogroženost, oboje v povezavi s poplavno nevarnostjo. Pri tem je ključnega pomena denarno vrednotenje poplavne ogroženosti oziroma pričakovane poplavne škode. Podajamo tudi ugotovitev, da v evidencah, ki so na voljo v Sloveniji, manjka podatek o koti pritličja objekta. V članku bo predstavljen nov koncept opredeljevanja poplavne ogroženosti glede na različne namene: interventno ukrepanje, izbor ukrepov za zmanjšanje poplavne nevarnosti, razvoj individualnih zaščitnih ukrepov idr. Vsi navedeni ukrepi imajo tudi prostorsko dimenzijo, ki jo upoštevamo kot merilo pri umeščanju v prostor. Tako bo posebej poudarjen vidik prostorskega umeščanja obravnave poplavne ogroženosti in njenega zmanjševanja, ki bi moral biti vključen tudi v dokumente, s katerimi se opredeljuje prostorski razvoj nekega območja ; The conceptual framework of flood management addresses the relationship among flood hazard, flood vulnerability and flood risk. Most of the active efforts in the Republic of Slovenia were focused towards flood hazard mapping. In this research, the issue of flood vulnerability and flood hazard is addressed in order to systematically reduce flood hazards. In this article, an advanced theoretical approach is presented, which defines flood vulnerability and (in connection to flood risk) provides information on flood hazards. Based upon this, it is possible to define flood hazards in monetary terms. This approach is setting forward special information that is missing from existing public registries, i.e. benchmark data. The article also presents a new concept of flood hazard definition, which is based upon different uses of flood hazard information: rescue and relief measures, optimization and selection of flood hazard mitigation measures, development of individual flood proofing measures, and other. All the listed measures have their spatial dimension, which is also a subject of positioning into space. In this framework, an information of spatial positioning of existing flood hazard and mitigation measures aiming at the reduction of flood hazard is challenged, especially from the point of view of development of documents that define development of specific area.
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