Almost discrete valuation domains Anderson, D. D.; Xing, Shiqi; Zafrullah, Muhammad
Communications in algebra,
20/1/2/, Letnik:
49, Številka:
1
Journal Article
Recenzirano
Odprti dostop
Let D be an integral domain. Then D is an almost valuation (AV)-domain if for
there exists a natural number n with
or
AV-domains are closely related to valuation domains, for example, D is an ...AV-domain if and only if the integral closure
is a valuation domain and
is a root extension. In this note, we explore various generalizations of DVRs (which we might call almost DVRs) such as Noetherian AV-domains, AV-domains with
a DVR, and quasilocal and local API-domains (i.e., for
there exists an n with
principal). The structure of complete local AV-domains and API-domains is determined.
ABSTRACT
A recent trend in organizations is to motivate employees with goal‐based prosocial rewards, whereby employees must donate their rewards to charities upon goal attainment. We examine the ...motivational effects of goal‐based prosocial rewards versus cash rewards under different levels of goal difficulty. We develop our hypotheses based on affective valuation theory, which posits that when valuing uncertain outcomes by affect rather than calculation, individuals are largely insensitive to changes in probability of the outcomes, including probability of goal attainment. Experiment results support our hypotheses. Specifically, we find that employees who are rewarded with prosocial (vs. cash) goal‐based rewards are more likely to adopt an affective valuation approach. Consequently, when employees are assigned either an easy goal or a stretch goal, their effort is higher when incentivized with a goal‐based prosocial reward than a cash reward. Furthermore, there is a less curve‐linear relationship between goal difficulty and effort with prosocial (vs. cash) goal‐based rewards. These findings highlight for incentive system designers the motivational advantage of goal‐based prosocial rewards relative to traditional cash rewards. Furthermore, we extend the academic literature by showing how affect‐rich rewards such as prosocial rewards can influence employees' assessment of the probability of goal attainment.
RÉSUMÉ
Motiver les employés à l'aide de récompenses prosociales basées sur des objectifs
Une tendance récente dans les organisations est de motiver les employés à l'aide de récompenses prosociales basées sur des objectifs, en vertu desquelles les employés doivent faire don de leurs récompenses à des organismes de bienfaisance une fois l'objectif atteint. Les auteurs examinent les effets motivationnels des récompenses prosociales basées sur des objectifs par opposition aux récompenses en espèces selon différents niveaux de difficulté pour atteindre les objectifs. Ils développent leurs hypothèses sur la base de la théorie de l'évaluation affective, soutenant que lorsque les individus évaluent des résultats incertains par l'affect plutôt que par le calcul, ils sont largement insensibles aux changements de probabilité des résultats, y compris la probabilité d'atteindre un objectif. Les résultats de l'expérience confirment leurs hypothèses. Plus précisément, ils constatent que les employés qui reçoivent des récompenses prosociales (par opposition à des récompenses en espèces) basées sur des objectifs sont plus susceptibles d'adopter une approche d'évaluation affective. Par conséquent, lorsque les employés se voient assigner un objectif facile à atteindre ou ambitieux, leur effort est plus important lorsqu'ils sont encouragés par une récompense prosociale basée sur des objectifs que par une récompense en espèces. En outre, la relation entre la difficulté de l'objectif et l'effort est moins linéaire dans le cas des récompenses prosociales (contrairement aux récompenses en espèces). Ces résultats révèlent aux concepteurs de systèmes de primes l'avantage motivationnel des récompenses prosociales basées sur des objectifs comparativement aux récompenses traditionnelles en espèces. En outre, les auteurs enrichissent la littérature scientifique en montrant comment les récompenses riches en affects, telles que les récompenses prosociales, peuvent influencer la façon dont les employés évaluent la probabilité d'atteindre un objectif.
The taxonomy of Inocybe similis and closely allied species is addressed using morphological and molecular data (nrITS and nrLSU DNA). The holotypes of I. chondrospora and I. vulpinella and the ...isotype of I. immigrans were studied and sequenced. Our results suggest the synonymy between I. similis and I. vulpinella as well as that between I. chondrospora and I. immigrans.
Green electricity is an effective approach to mitigate greenhouse gas emissions without damaging economic development. One effective measure to boost its development is to increase the awareness of ...residents about sustainable development and to increase their willingness to pay (WTP). This study applies a contingent valuation method to investigate the WTP of residents in Tianjin, China for green electricity. It uses a logit model to test whether the respondents have WTP. In addition to the factors affecting the respondents’ viewpoints frequently discussed in previous studies, this paper has also considered the influence of high prevalence of respiratory disease. Furthermore, it employs a multiple regression model to identify the factors that significantly affected the WTP. According to a sample of 468 respondents, most residents have positive WTP with an average value of CNY 32.63 per month. The main driving factors for a positive WTP are knowledge of renewable energy, belief towards the government, behavior, education, history of respiratory disease and others. The factors affecting the value of WTP include income, belief, disease, gender and age, and the first three factors often have positive influences while the last one has negative impact. Furthermore, males tend to have a higher WTP than females.
•Influence of poor air quality and prevalence of respiratory disease are considered.•Majority of respondents have positive attitudes to developing green electricity.•Knowledge, belief, behavior, education and health condition are positively factors.•Income, gender and age affect the value of Willingness to Pay significantly.•Improving the transparency of governance is an effective way to increase WTP.
•Drawing on valuation studies, the article explores event values as enacted through the concepts of framing and overflow.•Mixed-methods are proposed as valuation devices to enable making of ...non-economic event outcomes knowable.•The Arctic Winter Games 2016 in Nuuk, Greenland is used as a case to explore social valuation.
This article introduces a Valuation Studies approach, in which valuation is seen as a social practice, to studying the outcomes of events. Drawing on material gathered around the Arctic Winter Games organized in Nuuk, Greenland in 2016, we exemplify how researchers working together across disciplinary and methodological boundaries can engage together with events stakeholders in making event values knowable beyond the confines of traditional evaluation. Analytically, we use Callons’ concepts on framing and overflows to exemplify alternative outcomes of events. We argue that a valuation approach offers an iterative understanding of event outcomes which encourages economics and constructivist research to collaborate on exploring event worth and making event overflows knowable and valuable.
We describe and reflect on seven recurring critiques of the concept of ecosystem services and respective counter‐arguments. First, the concept is criticized for being anthropocentric, whereas others ...argue that it goes beyond instrumental values. Second, some argue that the concept promotes an exploitative human–nature relationship, whereas others state that it reconnects society to ecosystems, emphasizing humanity's dependence on nature. Third, concerns exist that the concept may conflict with biodiversity conservation objectives, whereas others emphasize complementarity. Fourth, the concept is questioned because of its supposed focus on economic valuation, whereas others argue that ecosystem services science includes many values. Fifth, the concept is criticized for promoting commodification of nature, whereas others point out that most ecosystem services are not connected to market‐based instruments. Sixth, vagueness of definitions and classifications are stated to be a weakness, whereas others argue that vagueness enhances transdisciplinary collaboration. Seventh, some criticize the normative nature of the concept, implying that all outcomes of ecosystem processes are desirable. The normative nature is indeed typical for the concept, but should not be problematic when acknowledged. By disentangling and contrasting different arguments we hope to contribute to a more structured debate between opponents and proponents of the ecosystem services concept.
Internet is an increasingly popular data collection mode for stated preference research in environmental economics. However, little is known about how this survey mode may influence data quality and ...welfare estimates. As part of a national contingent valuation (CV) survey estimating willingness to pay (WTP) for biodiversity protection plans, we assign two groups of respondents either to an Internet or face-to-face (in-home) interview mode. Our design aims to better isolate measurement effects from sample composition effects by drawing both samples from the same sample frame. We find little evidence of social desirability bias in the interview setting or satisficing (shortcutting the response process) in the Internet survey. The share of “don't knows”, zeros and protest responses to the WTP question with a payment card is very similar between modes and equality of mean WTP cannot be rejected. Results are fairly encouraging for the use of Internet in CV as stated preferences do not seem to be significantly different or biased compared to face-to-face interviews.
► Internet is increasingly used as the survey mode in Stated Preference research. ► First well-controlled Contingent Valuation survey comparing Internet and face-to-face. ► Not significantly different mean WTP from Internet than face-to-face. ► Internet Contingent Valuation survey performs equally well as face-to-face
Based on a comprehensive analysis of various classifications of natural resource values, we summarized an ecological economic value system of constructed wetland (CW) ecosystems for treating ...eutrophic water. Using the CW located at the Hangzhou Botanical Garden as an example, the contingent valuation method (CVM) and shadow project approach (SPA) were applied to estimate the economic values of CW system ecosystem services. The CVM estimated a value of 800,000 yuan (yuan: Chinese Currency, 7.6 yuan
=
1 USD as of August, 2007) as the total economic value of the CW in a twenty year period. Meanwhile, the SPA calculated a value of 23.04 million yuan as the total economic value of the CW in a twenty year period. It is determined that compared to the CVM, the SPA provides a more approximate value of the true monetary value of the Hangzhou Botanical Garden CW. This study could fill the gap of knowledge and provide a benchmark when evaluating constructed ecosystem services and help policy makers to promote the development of constructed wetlands in China.
Ecosystem service research has long been dominated by a monetary interpretation of value, neglecting other social perspectives on the importance of ecosystems for human well-being. Emphasis has been ...put on individual utility and rational choice, which does not adequately capture the full spectrum of social values of ecosystem services. A socio-cultural approach to value ecosystem services is increasingly advocated and is gaining more attention in the ecosystem service research agenda. The current documentation of socio-cultural perspectives on ecosystem services is, however, characterized by a conflation of the concepts of “cultural ecosystem services” and “socio-cultural values” of ecosystem services. This paper reviews (i) the concept of socio-cultural values within the ecosystem service framework, (ii) the social and ecological factors that determine socio-cultural values, and (iii) the methods by which socio-cultural values can be assessed. The clarifications of the concept of socio-cultural valuation and the structured listing of the available methods facilitate a better integration of socio-cultural values into ecosystem service assessments and help researchers to choose methods from the available portfolio.
•We define socio-cultural values as different from cultural ecosystem services.•We present a framework that shows which factors determine socio-cultural values of ESs.•Based on 91 case studies, we discuss 6 data collection techniques.•We discuss the spatial dimension of socio-cultural values.•To advance the socio-cultural valuation of ESs, we suggest adopting pluralistic methods.
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