This book explores one of the most significant trends in the evolution of global tax systems by asking how, within less than half a century, the value-added tax (VAT) has risen from relative ...obscurity to become one of the world's most dominant revenue instruments. Despite its significance, very little is known about why so many countries have adopted the VAT and, in particular, why different countries adopt the types of VAT that they do. The popular mythology provides that the merits of the VAT have underpinned its global spread; however, this book contends that much scholarship confuses the question of why the VAT has risen to dominance with the issue of what makes a good VAT. This book combines policy and legal analysis to propose a new way of understanding the rise of this important revenue instrument so as to better reflect the realities of the VATs that are actually implemented.
Claims that the VAT facilitates tax enforcement by generating paper trails on transactions between firms contributed to widespread VAT adoption worldwide, but there is surprisingly little evidence. ...This paper analyzes the role of third-party information for VAT enforcement through two randomized experiments among over 400,000 Chilean firms. Announcing additional monitoring has less impact on transactions that are subject to a paper trail, indicating the paper trail's preventive deterrence effect. This leads to strong enforcement spillovers up the VAT chain. These findings confirm that when taking evasion into account, significant differences emerge between otherwise equivalent forms of taxation.
This paper explores the causes and consequences of the remarkable rise of the value added tax (VAT), asking what has shaped its adoption and, in particular, whether it has proved an especially ...effective form of taxation. It is first shown that a tax innovation, such as the introduction of a VAT, reduces the marginal cost of public funds if and only if it also leads an optimizing government to increase the tax ratio. This leads to the estimation, on a panel of 143 countries for 25 years, of a system describing both the probability of VAT adoption and the revenue impact of the VAT. The results point to a rich set of determinants of VAT adoption, and to a significant but complex impact on the revenue ratio. The estimates suggest, very tentatively, that most countries which have adopted a VAT have thereby gained a more effective tax instrument, though this is less apparent in sub-Saharan Africa.
The
purpose
of this study is to suggest an approach to analyzing the efficiency of telecommunications companies listed on the Indonesia Stock Exchange (IDX) using methods for determining Economic ...Value Added (EVA), Market Value Added (MVA), Financial Value Added (FVA), and Refined Economic Value Added (REVA). A summary of the relevant literature is formed on the bibliographic database. Statistical data based on information from the Indonesia Stock Exchange for four companies in the telecommunications sector over 5 years. Data from reports’ balance sheets, including reports of profits and losses, is investigated. The
results
of the survey demonstrated that a telecommunications company had a positive EVA value, which meant that it succeeded in creating economic value. The three telecommunications companies had a positive MVA value, which meant that they provided value-added through market capitalization. In four telecommunications companies, a positive FVA indicated that management was successful in providing financial value-added for the company. One of the four telecommunications companies produced a positive REVA, which meant an increase in economic value after the company paid off all liabilities to creditors and shareholders. The use of various value-added measures to assess the performance of Indonesian businesses is a
scientific novelty
that contributes to the development of corporate finance theory.
Value-added tax (VAT) dominates tax systems around the world. But should every country have a VAT? Is VAT always as good as it could be in economic, equity and administrative terms? In developing and ...transitional countries the answers to such questions are critical to stability, growth and development. VAT is a critical fiscal tool in most countries. But VAT can sometimes be better designed and almost always better administered. The key questions that must be answered in designing and implementing VAT are essentially the same in all countries. But different tax designs may best suit different countries facing different circumstances. This book reviews experiences with VATs around the world and assesses how the choice of particular design features may affect outcomes in particular contexts.
A series of novel CoFe‐based catalysts are successfully fabricated by hydrogen reduction of CoFeAl layered‐double‐hydroxide (LDH) nanosheets at 300–700 °C. The chemical composition and morphology of ...the reaction products (denoted herein as CoFe‐x) are highly dependent on the reduction temperature (x). CO2 hydrogenation experiments are conducted on the CoFe‐x catalysts under UV–vis excitation. With increasing LDH‐nanosheet reduction temperature, the CoFe‐x catalysts show a progressive selectivity shift from CO to CH4, and eventually to high‐value hydrocarbons (C2+). CoFe‐650 shows remarkable selectivity toward hydrocarbons (60% CH4, 35% C2+). X‐ray absorption fine structure, high‐resolution transmission electron microscopy, Mössbauer spectroscopy, and density functional theory calculations demonstrate that alumina‐supported CoFe‐alloy nanoparticles are responsible for the high selectivity of CoFe‐650 for C2+ hydrocarbons, also allowing exploitation of photothermal effects. This study demonstrates a vibrant new catalyst platform for harnessing clean, abundant solar‐energy to produce valuable chemicals and fuels from CO2.
Three unique CoFe‐based catalysts are successfully fabricated via direct H2 reduction of a CoFeAl layered‐double‐hydroxide (CoFeAl‐LDH) nanosheets precursor by varying the reduction temperature. LDH precursor reduction at temperatures above 600 °C results in the formation of CoFe‐alloy nanoparticles, thereby affording a remarkable CO2 hydrogenation selectivity toward high‐value (C2+) hydrocarbons under simulated solar excitation through photothermal effects.
Photo‐electrochemical (PEC) solar energy conversion offers the promise of low‐cost renewable fuel generation from abundant sunlight and water. In this Review, recent developments in ...photo‐electrochemical water splitting are discussed with respect to this promise. State‐of‐the‐art photo‐electrochemical device performance is put in context with the current understanding of the necessary requirements for cost‐effective solar hydrogen generation (in terms of solar‐to‐hydrogen conversion efficiency and system durability, in particular). Several important studies of photo‐electrochemical hydrogen generation at p‐type photocathodes are highlighted, mostly with protection layers (for enhanced durability), but also a few recent examples where protective layers are not needed. Recent work with the widely studied n‐type BiVO4 photoanode is detailed, which highlights the needs and necessities for the next big photoanode material yet to be discovered. The emerging new research direction of photo‐electrocatalytic upgrading of biomass substrates toward value‐added chemicals is then discussed, before closing with a commentary on how research on PEC materials remains a worthwhile endeavor.
Photo‐electrochemical water splitting is a promising route to low‐cost solar fuel generation. Recent advances for photocathodes and photoanodes are reviewed, with a particular focus on the durability of materials for water splitting. New emerging research directions within the field such as upgrading of biomass substrates and the use of organic photoabsorber materials are highlighted.
Dans le cadre d’une recherche sur les valeurs socioéconomiques des bibliothèques publiques pilotée par la Bibliothèque publique d’information (Bpi) et commanditée par le ministère de la Culture, la ...ville de Sotteville-lès-Rouen s’est engagée, avec des chercheurs en sciences sociales de l’université de Lille (Clersé) et de l’université Polytechnique Hauts-de-France (Larsh), dans un projet expérimental visant à déterminer les valeurs et les impacts de sa bibliothèque municipale. Comment les professionnels s’approprient-ils les pratiques de mesures d’impacts au quotidien ? Peut-on proposer des mesures alternatives qui rendent compte de la valeur sociale et économique des bibliothèques pour les acteurs qui y sont impliqués, professionnels comme usagers ? Ce livret présente une démarche de recherche originale menée dans la bibliothèque de Sotteville-lès-Rouen pour questionner le sens donné aux « valeurs » que l’on peut attribuer aux établissements de lecture publique. Dans un premier temps, il dresse un portrait de la médiathèque : son histoire, la mise en place de pratiques d’évaluation et les rapports qu’entretiennent les professionnels avec ces dernières. A partir d’une approche par l’économie des conventions, il montre que les valeurs sont un construit social traversé par différents points de vue et logiques d’acteurs. Il présente ensuite la consultation qui s’est déroulée à la bibliothèque au cours de l’hiver 2021. Cette démarche consultative a consisté à associer un ensemble de personnes concernées par la bibliothèque de la ville (des membres du personnel de la bibliothèque, des usagers, une élue, le propriétaire d’une librairie rouennaise, des personnes salariées de l’éducation nationale et des centres sociaux, des personnes issues du monde associatif, etc.) dans la co-définition des valeurs et des impacts de la bibliothèque de Sotteville-lès-Rouen.
We propose a zero-waste approach using Hyriopsis cumingii shells for fluoride (F) removal via contact precipitation with value-added products. H3PO4 was used as the precipitant for F removal. The F ...concentration could be reduced from 9.5 mg/L to 0.09–0.91 mg/L for over 900 BV with running-backwashing cycle. The precipitates formed during contact precipitation were easily stripped from the shell matrix by periodic backwashing, thus supporting the continuous dissolution of calcium (Ca) from the shell particles. X-ray diffraction (XRD)-Rietveld analysis showed that the backwashing residue was fluorapatite (FAP) with a small amount of hydroxy substitution. Therefore, FAP can be used as a raw material in phosphate fertilizer manufacturing. Economic analysis and sustainability evaluation showed that the contact precipitation process with H. cumingii shells as the substrate not only reduces chemical costs but also generates value-added products; thus, this process is environmentally friendly compared to traditional methods of F removal. The proposed approach for F elimination, waste shell utilization, and F and Ca resource recovery in the contact precipitation process represents a novel sustainable water treatment technology.
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•Shells without thermal treatment act as Ca source and precipitation substrate•The reactor stably operated over 900BV with residual F is 0.09–0.91 mg/L•71.5% of F was removed by the first 10 cm of the 60 cm packed shell particles column•The reactor runs with a 12 h run and a 1–6 min backwashing mode•Pure FAP collected from backwashing water has potential for industrial applications
Photocatalytic reduction of CO2 to value‐added liquid fuels is a promising approach to alleviate the global energy and environmental problems. However, highly selective production of C2+ products ...from CO2 reduction reaction (CO2RR) is very difficult because of the sluggish CC coupling reaction. An asymmetric coupled heteronuclear photocatalyst is designed to overcome this limitation. The new catalyst contains single atoms of nickel and cobalt loaded on titanium dioxide. It exhibits an impressive 71% selectivity for acetic acid. The experimental data and theoretical calculations reveal that the Ni and Co single atom sites not only significantly lower the energy barrier of electron transfer in photocatalysis but also efficiently promote the CC coupling toward CH3COOH. The high activity of such a heteronuclear catalyst system will shed light on the future development of effective materials for CO2RR.
By introducing asymmetric coupled dual‐atom Ni and Co sites on TiO2, the selectivity for photocatalytic conversion of carbon dioxide to acetic acid is greatly enhanced. This shows the effect of local electron density and low potential barrier on the multi‐electron transfer and multi‐pathway interaction of carbon–carbon dimerization coupling.
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