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A key challenge in promoting decent work worldwide is how to improve the position of both firms and workers in value chains and global production networks driven by lead firms. This article ...develops a framework for analysing the linkages between the economic upgrading of firms and the social upgrading of workers. Drawing on studies which indicate that firm upgrading does not necessarily lead to improvements for workers, with a particular focus on the Moroccan garment industry, it outlines different trajectories and scenarios to provide a better understanding of the relationship between economic and social upgrading.
•Concept of weak values as a tool to investigate the past of quantum systems.•Quantum paradoxes: disappearing particle, quantum Cheshire cat, three-box paradox.•Weak values do not capture the ...complete truth about the past of a quantum particle.•Two state vector formalism is not a complete description of quantum systems.•ABL retrodiction rule of counterfactual probability assignments is questionable.
Weak values inferred from weak measurements have been proposed as a tool to investigate trajectories of pre- and post-selected quantum systems. Are the inferences drawn from the weak values about the past of a quantum particle fully true? Can the two-state vector formalism predict everything that the standard formalism of quantum mechanics can? To investigate these questions we present a “which-path” gedanken experiment in which the information revealed by a pre- and post-selected quantum system is surprisingly different from what one would expect from the weak values computed using the two-state vector formalism. In our gedanken experiment, a particle reveals its presence in locations where the weak value of the projection operator onto those locations was vanishingly small. Therefore our predictions turn out to be in contradistinction to those made based on the non-vanishing weak values as the presence indicators of the quantum particle. We propose a six port photon-based interferometer setup as a possible physical realization of our gedanken experiment.
•Different planning systems produce divergent spatial realities for LVC tools.•Specific elements of deal- and plan-making are relevant to understand equity in LVC.•Planning practice/decision-making ...processes are key in distributional outcomes.
Land value capture (LVC) refers to the public sector’s recovery of part or all of the land value increments (‘unearned’ income) generated by actions other than the landowner’s direct investment, including public investments in infrastructure or administrative changes in land use norms and regulations. LVC is increasingly used around the world as a tool to raise funds for urban development. This paper analyzes two LVC tools, one used in Toronto and the other in São Paulo, to show how different approaches produce divergent outcomes in practice. Expert interviews and an analysis of secondary quantitative data show that São Paulo’s formula-led approach is bureaucratized, compared with Toronto’s politicized process and that benefits from Toronto’s Section 37 are primarily located in the central wealthier neighbourhoods, while in São Paulo benefits are more dispersed. The comparison between the two cases highlights different approaches that reflect divergent values, rationales, socio-economic realities and political cultures which ultimately produce varied outcomes. The contrasting tools’ distributional and equity outcomes in Toronto and São Paulo raise questions about how cities can best share the benefits of urbanization to ensure equity and justice for all city residents.
Although the gender gap in math course-taking and performance has narrowed in recent decades, females continue to be underrepresented in math-intensive fields of Science, Technology, Engineering, and ...Mathematics (STEM). Career pathways encompass the ability to pursue a career as well as the motivation to employ that ability. Individual differences in cognitive capacity and motivation are also influenced by broader sociocultural factors. After reviewing research from the fields of psychology, sociology, economics, and education over the past 30 years, we summarize six explanations for US women's underrepresentation in math-intensive STEM fields: (a) cognitive ability, (b) relative cognitive strengths, (c) occupational interests or preferences, (d) lifestyle values or work-family balance preferences, (e) fieldspecific ability beliefs, and (f) gender-related stereotypes and biases. We then describe the potential biological and sociocultural explanations for observed gender differences on cognitive and motivational factors and demonstrate the developmental period(s) during which each factor becomes most relevant. We then propose evidence-based recommendations for policy and practice to improve STEM diversity and recommendations for future research directions.
In this pioneering work, Paul R. Abramson and Ronald Inglehart show that the gradual shift from Materialist values (such as the desire for economic and physical security) to Post-materialist values ...(such as the desire for freedom, self-expression, and the quality of life) is in all likelihood a global phenomenon. Value Change in Global Perspective analyzes over thirty years worth of national surveys in European countries and presents the most comprehensive and nuanced discussion of this shift to date. By paying special attention to the way generational replacement transforms values among mass publics, the authors are able to present a comprehensive analysis of the processes through which values change.
Geological resources are basic elements that have shaped both the course of human history and characteristics of human society. Protection of their imprint on our landscapes underlies the field of ...nature conservation known as geoconservation. Explicitly from 1991—when the term “geoheritage” was used at the First International Symposium on the Conservation of our Geological Heritage—a large body of literature has been produced with multiple conceptualizations. In response to challenges in finding a common definition of geoconservation, a systematic mapping of the scientific literature was undertaken to define key concepts supported by scientific evidence. The aim of this study was understanding the evolution of the research field between 2000 and 2019 to improve conceptual clarity. Relevant databases such as Google Scholar, Science Direct, and Scopus were searched, resulting in the identification of a total of 2478 studies. A method of systematic mapping with supervised keyword acquisition was used to assess geoheritage conservation documents. The analysis uncovered four recurrent concepts, each one describing a very different scope for geoheritage conservation: i) geoscience focus; ii) aligned conservation methods for geo- and biodiversity; iii) the concept of geomorphosites, as a leading resource for geoparks; iv) emphasis on community involvement for sustainability. For characterization of the concept groups, 70 findings were identified as primary articles following criteria implemented through direct reading. These criteria were derived from the identified keywords of each concept group. The information gained by the process allowed us to characterize and list all the major standpoints present in the scientific literature.
The current study examined the Five Cs model of positive youth development (PYD;
Lerner et al., 2005) in U.S. Mexican-origin youth (N = 674, 50% female) and tested the extent to which ethnic pride, ...familismo, and respeto, as an index of cultural orientation, predicted PYD across midadolescence. PYD was modeled using a bifactor structure, which defined global PYD and the Five Cs (Caring, Character, Competence, Confidence, and Connection) using theoretically similar measures matched to the conceptual definitions of the Cs. Tests of longitudinal invariance of the bifactor model at ages 14 and 16 established scalar invariance, providing support for the structure and stability of the Five Cs and global PYD using the theoretically similar measures across time. Adolescents' cultural orientation (latent factor incorporating familismo, respeto, and ethnic pride) at age 14 was positively associated with the Five Cs within and across time. Greater cultural orientation at age 14 predicted increased global PYD across ages 14 and 16. The contribution of cultural orientation to the PYD across midadolescence did not differ by adolescent gender or nativity. These findings demonstrate the robust nature and stability of the Five Cs model of PYD and provide novel evidence that ethnic pride, familismo, and respeto promote greater PYD in Mexican-origin youth during midadolescence.
Public Significance StatementThis study advances the idea that conducting strength-based research through the lens of cultural context may deepen scientific understanding of positive development in adolescence, particularly for samples of minoritized youth. Moreover, it provides evidence that increasing ethnic pride and connection to cultural values may significantly improve psychological well-being for Mexican-origin adolescents.
The Precautionary Principle is both celebrated and criticized. It has become an important principle for decision making, but it is also subject to criticism. One problem that is often pointed out ...with the principle is that is not clear what it actually says and how to use it. I have taken on this problem by performing an analysis of some of the most influential formulations of the principle in an attempt to identify the core ideas behind it, with the purpose of producing a formulation of the principle that is clear and practically applicable.
It was found that what is called the Precautionary Principle is not a principle that tells us what do to achieve extra precaution or how to handle situations when extra precaution is called for. Instead, it was found to be a list of circumstances that each justify extra precaution. An analysis of some of the most common and influential formulations of the Precautionary Principle identified four such circumstances: (1) When we deal with important values that tend to be systematically downplayed by traditional decision methods – such as human health and the environment. (2) When we suspect that the decision might lead to irreversible and severe consequences and the values at stake are also irreplaceable, (3) When timing is at least as important as being right. (4) When it is more important to avoid false negatives than false positives.
This interpretation of the Precautionary Principle does not say anything about what kind of actions to take when extra precaution is called for, but it does provide a clear and practically useful list of circumstances that call for extra precaution and that is not subject to the most common objections to the Precautionary Principle.
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•Identification of the core ideas of the Precautionary Principle.•Systematically underestimated values justify extra precaution.•Threats of irreversible, irreplaceable, severe effects justifies extra precaution.•Extra precaution is justified when timing is at least as important as being right.•Extra precaution is justified when false negatives are worse than false positives.
Improving communication and engagement with the public is vital for implementing sustainable development goals (SDGs). Public attitude toward SDGs can influence this engagement, as people are more ...likely to accept SDG-relevant information and take actions that are consistent with their own attitudes. This study examines the determinants for individual attitudes in supporting SDGs and further explores the formation of public attitudes toward SDGs, i.e., how public attitude is shaped by the value orientations and norms of the individuals. Using an online survey (n = 3089), we uncovered several important findings: (1) individuals' altruistic/biospheric value orientations are positively associated with pro-SDG attitudes; (2) personal norms mediate the relationship of individuals' altruistic values and attitudes; (3) some demographic characteristics (i.e., age, gender, having children) moderate the relationship of people's value orientations and attitudes; and (4) people's biospheric values have heterogeneous effects on their pro-SDG attitudes based on education and income. Through these findings, this study enhanced the public's general understanding of SDGs by providing a holistic analytical framework of public attitude formation on SDGs and uncovering the significant role of value orientations. We further identify the moderating effects of demographic characteristics and the mediating effects of personal norms in the relationship between individuals' values and attitude on SDGs.
This study aims to investigate the values of the founders of social business through a case analysis of five social businesses in Hong Kong. The study probes the dynamics of the formation and ...implementation of values of the founders. Value conflicts or dissonance are unavoidable challenges for social business due to their ethical nature. Value conflicts or dissonance and how they are handled are examined. This study has found that the founders hold values of universal types including social justice, equality, autonomy, empowerment as well as local Chinese values. The issues of founders and their values have received less attention in Hong Kong and elsewhere. This study attempts to fill this gap by shedding light on this unexplored area, which can help provide a fuller picture of the nature of social business in Hong Kong.
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