Background: In the literature, there is increasing interest in the effects of subliminal stimuli on humans.
Objectives: To investigate the effects of the positive subliminal messages placed in a ...video used for ventrogluteal intramuscular injection training of nursing students on students’ remembering, anxiety, self-confidence, general self-efficacy and practice skill levels.
Methods: The population of the randomized controlled study conducted between 9-10 October 2018 consisted of first year nursing students at a faculty of health sciences (n=64). An animated video on ventrogluteal intramuscular injection that contained subliminal messages was shown to the students in the experiment group. In the study, the students in the control group were given only practice together with the theoretical education on the subject. A Student Information Form, Trait-State Anxiety Scale, General Self-Efficacy Scale, Self-Confidence Scale, and Ventrogluteal Intramuscular Injection Practice Skill Evaluation Form were used. In the study, the independence Chi-square test was used to compare the experiment and control groups.
Results: Although statistically non-significant (p>0.05), identifying ventrogluteal intramuscular injection sites (n=21, 33.9%) and proper injection technique (n=22, 35.5%) steps were remembered more by students in the experiment group. It was found that ventrogluteal intramuscular injection practice skill was at ‘adequate’ level in the experiment group (n=21, 35%).
Conclusion: Visual subliminal messages used in ventrogluteal intramuscular injection training have no effect on nursing students’ anxiety, self-confidence, and general self-efficacy levels. Basic nursing skill applications can be prepared with animated videos in a way to attract students’ attention.
Giriş: Literatürde bilinçaltı uyaranların insanlar üzerindeki etkilerine artan bir ilgi vardır.
Amaç: Hemşirelik öğrencilerinin ventrogluteal kas içi enjeksiyon eğitimi için kullanılan bir videoya yerleştirilen olumlu bilinçaltı mesajların öğrencilerin hatırlama, kaygı, özgüven, genel özyeterlik ve uygulama beceri düzeylerine etkisini araştırmaktır.
Yöntem: 9-10 Ekim 2018 tarihleri arasında yürütülen randomize kontrollü çalışmanın evrenini bir sağlık bilimleri fakültesi birinci sınıf hemşirelik öğrencileri (n=64) oluşturmuştur. Deney grubundaki öğrencilere subliminal mesajlar içeren ventrogluteal kas içi enjeksiyon ile ilgili animasyonlu bir video izletilmiştir. Çalışmada kontrol grubundaki öğrencilere ise konu ile ilgili teorik eğitim ile birlikte sadece uygulama yaptırılmıştır. Öğrenci Bilgi Formu, Sürekli Durumluk Kaygı Ölçeği, Genel Öz-yeterlik Ölçeği, Kendine Güven Ölçeği ve Ventrogluteal İntramusküler Enjeksiyon Uygulama Becerisi Değerlendirme Formu kullanılmıştır. Araştırmada deney ve kontrol gruplarının karşılaştırılmasında bağımsız Ki-kare testi kullanılmıştır.
Bulgular: Deney grubundaki öğrenciler istatistiksel olarak anlamlı olmasa da (p>0.05), ventrogluteal intramüsküler enjeksiyon yerlerinin belirlenmesi (n=21, %33.9) ve uygun enjeksiyon tekniği (n=22, %35.5) adımları daha fazla hatırlandı. Deney grubunda (n=21, %35) ventrogluteal kas içi enjeksiyon uygulama becerisi ‘yeterli’ düzeyde olduğu bulundu.
Sonuç: Ventrogluteal intramüsküler enjeksiyon eğitiminde kullanılan görsel bilinçaltı mesajların hemşirelik öğrencilerinin kaygı, özgüven ve genel öz-yeterlik düzeylerine etkisi yoktur. Temel hemşirelik beceri uygulamaları öğrencilerin dikkatini çekecek tarzda animasyonlu videolarla hazırlanabilir.
Background
There are deficiencies in ensuring the permanence of some theoretical information taught in nursing education and transferring it to practice environment. Mobile‐assisted teaching can be ...useful to eliminate deficiencies. The aim of this study was to determine the effect of mobile‐assisted teaching on nursing students' learning ventrogluteal injection.
Methodology
The study was conducted in Turkey between February and June 2022. This study is a single group pre‐posttest intervention. The study sample consisted of 354 students studying in the 2nd, 3rd and 4th grades in Turkey. After the students completed the Introductory Characteristics Form and Ventrogluteal Region Information Suggestion Form in the pre‐test, the researchers sent a ventrogluteal injection animation video to their mobile phones. The students who watched the video completed the Ventrogluteal Region Information Suggestion Form and Mobile Education Activity Form in the final test.
Results and Conclusion
There was a statistically significant difference between the pre‐posttest score medians of the students (p < 0.001). While the preference of the students for the ventrogluteal region in intramuscular injection was 28.5% before mobile learning, it increased to 51.1% after the training. In this study, after the training given through mobile learning, the knowledge level of the students about ventrogluteal injection and their preferences for ventrogluteal injection increased. In line with these results, mobile‐assisted education should be used in nursing education.
Lay Description
What is already known about this topic
Due to the high number of students per teaching staff in Turkey, it takes time for the theoretical education of the students to turn into practice.
It is recommended that students prefer and use the ventrogluteal (VG) region for intramuscular drug injection.
The students had difficulties because the nurses guiding them in clinical practice did not use the VG area.
There are difficulties in applying the VG region injection in practice.
What this paper adds
Mobile‐based intramuscular injection skill application increased the knowledge level of the students.
Mobile applications make it easier to remember the learned information and apply it in the clinic.
Implications for practice and/or policy
Mobile applications demonstrating skill practice provide a resource for nursing students to watch and learn whenever they want.
It ensures that the student is always ready for invasive procedures to be performed on the patient in the clinic.
Background:
Nurses often administer intramuscular injections at the gluteal site. This study aimed to determine gluteal muscle and subcutaneous tissue thicknesses in adults.
Methods:
Systematic ...review and meta-analysis. The databases Turkish Medline, Ulakbim, National Thesis Center, Cochrane, Web of Science, Science Direct, PubMed, CINAHL Plus with Full text (EBSCO host), OVID and SCOPUS were screened using the keywords ‘intramuscular injection’, ‘subcutaneous tissue thickness’, ‘muscle tissue thickness’ and ‘needle length’ between April and May 2021. The studies were evaluated with ultrasound. This study was reported according to the PRISMA recommendations.
Results:
Six studies met the eligibility criteria. The total sample size was 734 (women: 432, men: 302). The V method revealed that the ventrogluteal site had a muscle and subcutaneous tissue thickness of 38.071 ± 2.119 and 19.927 ± 2.493 mm, respectively. The geometric method revealed that the ventrogluteal site had a muscle and subcutaneous tissue thickness of 35.989 ± 4.190 and 19.661 ± 3.992 mm, respectively. The geometric method also revealed that the dorsogluteal site had a thickness of 42.560 ± 8.840 mm. According to the V method, females had thicker subcutaneous tissue at the ventrogluteal site than males (Q = 5.37, df = 1, p = 0.0204). Body mass index did not affect the subcutaneous tissue thicknesses at the ventrogluteal site.
Conclusion:
The results show that gluteal muscle, subcutaneous and total tissue thicknesses vary across injection sites.
The gluteal region is a frequent target for injecting high volumes. However, the safe intramuscular injection sites have been controversy in this region. This study was aimed to compare the ...subcutaneous fat and muscle thicknesses at the two gluteal injection sites and to determine the influence of sex and body mass index (BMI) on fat and muscle thicknesses. The ultimate purpose of this study is to suggest the most suitable intramuscular injection site among the ventrogluteal and dorsogluteal regions. Eleven fresh cadavers were injected with colored gelatin using syringes at the two gluteal injection sites. Seven variables were measured at both gluteal injection sites and analyzed relative to sex and the BMI. No variables showed statistically significant differences between the two gluteal injection sites according to sex. In a one-way analysis of variance, total length and muscle thickness had significant difference according to the BMI category. In obese cadavers, the injected gelatin core was located in the subcutaneous layer (average 109.0 percentile), and in the muscle layer (average 78.9 percentile) in the dorsogluteal region. These were found that the success rate of injection in the dorsogluteal region was higher than in the ventrogluteal region, especially when classed as obese. Also, it is suggested that nurses should use the traditional intramuscular injection method. It will also be necessary to consider expanding these findings to other ethnic groups in the Asia-Pacific region and then also education in universities and health providers on selecting the intramuscular gluteal injection site.
YouTube has become an important social media platform for teaching nursing skills. However, the content, reliability and quality levels of the videos on this platform are not adequately known.
This ...study aims to evaluate the content, reliability and quality of YouTube videos on ventrogluteal injection application.
Descriptive.
Online.
26 videos about ventrogluteal injection.
Videos were searched using the keyword “ventrogluteal injection”. The content of the 26 videos meeting the inclusion criteria were evaluated using the “Ventrogluteal Intramuscular Injection Skill Form”, the reliability with the “DISCERN Questionnaire”, and the quality levels using the “Global Quality Scale”. The videos were categorized by their theme, type and upload source, and analysed statistically.
Of the 26 videos meeting the inclusion criteria, 21 (80.8%) were classified as useful information, 5 (19.2%) as misleading information by theme, 22 (84.6%) as educational, 4 (15.4%) as hormone therapy by type, 5 (19.2%) as official institutions, 13 (50%) as individual by source of uploads. The content, reliability, quality score of useful videos were higher than misleading videos. There was a significant difference (p < 0.05) between reliability score and the source of video uploads. Pairwise comparisons indicated that there was no statistically significant difference (p > 0.05) between the source of uploads of video and characteristics.
The use of the examined YouTube videos in the training of injection into the ventrogluteal site appears to have various risks in terms of ethics and patient safety. It may be suggested that the injection videos should be prepared by competent institutions/individuals, using best practice guides to increase the content, reliability and quality levels. It should particularly be borne in mind that videos on hormone therapy can be a public health threat.
•Most of the ventrogluteal injection videos were useful. The useful videos had higher scores than the misleading videos.•The educational contents videos intend for healthcare professionals, except four unsafe videos which were on hormone therapy.•The videos had skipped/incorrect injection procedure steps related to patient privacy, asepsis, correct drug administration.•The ventrogluteal injection videos should be prepared by authorities, according to the best practice guides for YouTube.
Purpose
To determine the knowledge and practices of nurses working in psychiatry clinics on the ventrogluteal (VG) injection.
Design and Methods
This study was conducted as a descriptive and ...cross‐sectional study. A total of 91 nurses constituted the sample of the study.
Findings
It was determined that 35.7% of the nurses preferred the VG site. It was determined that the nurses who preferred the VG site knew and applied the preparation for injection, and the stages during and after the injection.
Practice Implications
This study will guide the preparation of in‐service training programs on the use of VG site in psychiatric clinics.
Aims and objectives
This study aimed to determine the influences of gender, BMI and observed body shape on subcutaneous fat and muscle thicknesses, and theoretical injection outcome, at the ...ventrogluteal and dorsogluteal intramuscular injection sites.
Background
Debate continues as to whether the dorsogluteal or ventrogluteal injection site is more reliable for a successful intramuscular injection outcome. Subcutaneous fat and muscle thicknesses at the injection site are direct determinants of intramuscular injection outcome. BMI and observed body shape influence gluteal subcutaneous fat and muscle thicknesses, and therefore injection outcome, with potentially distinct effects at the ventrogluteal and dorsogluteal sites.
Design
This was a cross‐sectional study.
Methods
Demographic data were collected, and subcutaneous fat and muscle thicknesses were quantified bilaterally at the dorsogluteal and ventrogluteal injection sites using ultrasound, for 145 participants (57% female).
Results
Subcutaneous fat and muscle were significantly thicker at the dorsogluteal than the ventrogluteal site, and 75% and 86% of participants would receive a successful intramuscular injection at these sites, respectively. There were significant effects of gender, BMI and observed body shape on subcutaneous fat thickness and theoretical injection outcome at both sites. Females, obese individuals and endomorph individuals had thicker subcutaneous fat and were more likely to have a subcutaneous injection outcome.
Conclusions
Gender, BMI and observed body shape could be used to guide site and needle length selection when administering gluteal intramuscular injections to increase the likelihood of a successful intramuscular injection outcome.
Relevance to clinical practice
Both gluteal injection sites should be avoided in obese individuals and endomorph individuals. An intramuscular injection will be successful: using a 32‐mm needle at the ventrogluteal site for all males and normal‐weight females and using a 38‐mm needle for all females at the ventrogluteal site, and for all males and at least 98% of females at the dorsogluteal site.
Aims
To determine adverse effects of ventrogluteal intramuscular injections versus dorsogluteal intramuscular injections.
Design
A systematic review and meta‐analysis.
Methods
MEDLINE, EMBASE, ...CINHAL, CENTRAL, LILACS(BVS), BDENF (BVS), WoS, IRCTP(WHO), ClinicalsTrials.gov and PROSPERO databases were searched with no restriction on year or language. Preferred Reporting items for Systematic Reviews and Meta‐Analyses (PRISMA) guidelines were followed.
Results
A total of 1429 participants from 17 studies were included. The meta‐analysis found that ventrogluteal injection site had significant relation to lower pain in 9 studies (SMD = −0.63, 95% CI = −0.87, −0.39), bleeding in 4 studies (SMD = −3.46, 95% CI = −6.07, –0.86) and hematoma in 2 studies; after 48 h (SMD = −0.25, 95% CI = −0.39, −0.11), and after 72 h (SMD = −0.16, 95% CI = −0.26, –0.06), if it was compared with dorsogluteal site injection. No differences were found when comparing the possibility of intramuscular injections given into de subcutaneous tissue. In three studies, ventrogluteal site did not significantly reduce the risk of subcutaneous injection (OR 0,62, 95% CI = 0.16, 2.41).
The dorsogluteal and ventrogluteal intramuscular injection sites both have their use in clinical practice; however, it has not been established in whom one or the other should be preferentially ...targeted or avoided. There is a need for an evidence-based approach towards site selection for a successful intramuscular injection outcome and to avoid unwanted injection outcomes of inadvertent subcutaneous injection or bone contact. Injection outcome is dependent on injection site subcutaneous fat thickness and muscle thickness; these are likely influenced by gender and anthropometry.
To determine whether subcutaneous fat, muscle, and total tissue thicknesses differ between the dorsogluteal and ventrogluteal sites, and whether theoretical injection outcome (intramuscular, subcutaneous, or bone contact) can be predicted by demographic and anthropometric data and described by an algorithm.
Cross-sectional study design.
University in Australia.
145 volunteers (57% female) of at least 18 years of age recruited through the university community.
Anthropometric data was collected and subcutaneous fat and muscle thicknesses were quantified by ultrasonography. Anthropometric differences between theoretical injection outcome groups (bone contact versus intramuscular versus subcutaneous at the ventrogluteal and dorsogluteal sites) was determined for each gender (ANOVA). Multiple regression analysis was conducted to determine the influence of demographic and anthropometric data on theoretical intramuscular injection outcome. An algorithm to guide site selection was developed for each gender, based on the anthropometric measures that best discriminated between injection outcomes.
Subcutaneous fat, muscle and total tissue were significantly thicker at the dorsogluteal site than the ventrogluteal site, and subcutaneous fat was significantly thicker in females than males at both sites (all p<0.001); there was no gender difference for muscle or total tissue thickness at either site. Female gender, and waist and hip circumference were significant predictors of subcutaneous fat thickness at both sites; male gender was a significant predictor of dorsogluteal site muscle thickness (all p<0.05). In the algorithm developed for site selection based on theoretical injection outcome, the best discriminators were: weight, BMI and waist circumference for females, and weight and distance between the iliac tubercle and anterior superior iliac spine for males.
The algorithm describes when each of the ventrogluteal and dorsogluteal sites is appropriate or should be avoided, based on easily obtained anthropometric data. This has direct relevance in clinical practice in evidence-based site selection for gluteal intramuscular injections for optimal medication and health outcomes.
This study was conducted to determine the impact of education on the knowledge, opinions and anxiety level of the nurses regarding the use of the ventrogluteal site for intramuscular injection.
The ...research was conducted with a single group using a semi-empirical pre-test, post-test design. The sample consisted of 50 nurses who worked in clinics where intramuscular injection was frequently applied and who participated in training on the use of ventrogluteal site for intramuscular injection. The data were collected by the researchers with the questionnaire form for evaluation of data, in addition to using descriptive statistical methods, paired sample
-test, Kruskal-Wallis and 2-related samples tests.
It was found that 34.0% of the nurses frequently used the dorsogluteal site for intramuscular injection. It was determined that the difference between pre-training (12.40±6.89) and post-training (21.80±1.95) mean scores of the nurses regarding the ventrogluteal site injection was statistically significant (
<0.00). However, no statistically significant difference (
>0.05) was found between the pre-training (39.22±10.16) and post-training (37.52±8.54) anxiety levels.
It can be stated that the majority of the nurses did not prefer the ventrogluteal site for intramuscular injection; the reasons for not preferring this method were a lack of knowledge on determining the site and concern about harming the patients.
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