French prune trees provide overwintering habitat for the egg parasitoid Anagrus epos Girault (Hymenoptera: Mymaridae), an important natural enemy of the the grape leafhopper, Erythroneura elegantula ...Osborn (Homoptera: Cicadellidae). French prune trees were treated with rubidium during the fall of 1991-1993 to assess the potential for obtaining an elemental label in overwintering A. epos. Multiple applications of 5,000-ppm solutions of RbCl to French prune foliage from late August to early October resulted in increases in foliar rubidium content of up to 200 times the naturally occuring concentration. Rubidium content of adult prune leafhoppers, Edwardsiana prunicola Edwards (Homoptera: Cicadellidae), collected from treated trees was up to 130 times the naturally occurring level. Naturally occuring rubidium content of A. epos was 0.052 ng Rb per individual based on a sample of 498 wasps collected from 3 separate, untreated grape vineyards. Mean rubidium content was 0.205 ng Rb in A. epos collected in the spring directly from French prune trees that had been treated in the fall with RbCl. This is 3.9 times the background level and indicates successful labeling of overwintering A. epos. However, there was substantial overlap in rubidium content between A. epos from treated trees and those from untreated sites. A. epos reared from rubidium-enriched host eggs and maintained in the lab on a mixture of honey and water exhibited minimal decay of the elemental label during the adult lifetime. Success of this labeling approach has made possible the direct study of the dispersal of A. epos from treated French prune tree refuges into adjacent grape vineyards
The influence of aerosol spraying with carbonate solution on grapes' photosynthesis productivity was studied. The research was carried out in 2011-2012 on the flat land of Dagestan. Grapes variety is ...Rkatsiteli; bush form – four-arm fan; planting scheme – 3.0 m x 1.5 m. Variants of treatment: 1. Control variant (treatment of grapes with clean water); 2. Treatment of grapes with (NH4)2CO3 solution during the period of intensive growth of plant leaf apparatus; 3. Treatment of grapes with (NH4)2CO3 solution after formation of berries before their ripening. In all variants of experiment the aerosol treatment was combined with preirrigation at the rate of 1200 m3/hectare. After each aerosol spraying with (NH4)2CO3 the transpiration rate in leaves was 2-3 times lower as compared to the use of clean water spraying. In case of using clean water spraying atmospheric temperature decreased by 2-6 deg С, the leaves' one - by 3-9 deg С while the relative humidity increased by 15-30%. Spray additive contributed to increased growth of shoots and grapevine leaves by 35% in comparison with water spraying. The highest average shoot growth was 146.5 cm. (in the control - 111.1 cm). Grapes treated with (NH4)2CO3 in 2 and 3 variants of treatment had a higher average grape cluster weight - 134.2 and 150.2 g respectively, yield - 87.6 and 65.7 kg/ha, and sugar content - 22.5 and 19.8%. In control variant these indicators equaled 18.2%, 98.4 g; 38.3 c/hectare respectively. The increase of carbon dioxide concentration in aerosols resulted in improving photosynthetic effectiveness. The results of the research were that by application of spray additive to agrophytocenosis with carbonate solution it is possible to achieve the increase of the productivity of vineyards in plain southern areas of Dagestan.
Изучали возможность наращивания продуктивности фотосинтеза винограда за счет аэрозольной обработки раствором карбонатов. Опыт проводили в 2011-2012 г. в равнинной части Республики Дагестан. Сорт винограда - Ркацители; формировка куста – четырёхрукавный веер; схема посадки 3,0 м х 1,5 м. Варианты опыта: 1. Контроль (обработка виноградника чистой водой); 2. Обработка виноградника раствором (NH4)2 CO3 в период интенсивного нарастания листового аппарата растений; 3. Обработка виноградника раствором (NH4)2CO3 по завершении завязывания ягод до начала их созревания. Во всех вариантах опыта аэрозольная обработка сочеталась с влагозарядковым поливом из расчёта 1200 м3/га. После каждого аэрозольного опрыскивания (NH4)2CO3 интенсивность транспирации в листьях была в 2-3 раза ниже по сравнению с опрыскиванием чистой водой. После каждого повторного распыления воды с аэрозолем температура воздуха снижалась на 2-6 град. С, а листьев - на 3-9 град. С при одновременном повышении относительной влажности воздуха на 15-30%. Аэрозольная добавка способствовала и увеличению прироста побегов и листьев виноградного куста на 35% по сравнению с опрыскиванием водой. Наибольший средний прирост побега составил 146,5 см (в контрольном варианте – 111,1 см). Более высокая средняя масса грозди, урожайность и самая высокая сахаристость отмечены при обработке виноградника раствором карбоната (NH4)2CO3 во 2 и 3 вариантах. Соответственно, сахаристость – 22,5 и 19,8%; масса грозди – 150,2 и 134,2 г; урожайность – 87,6 и 65,7 ц/га. В контрольном варианте эти показатели составили 18,2%, 98,4 г; 38,3 ц/га соответственно. Повышение продуктивности фотосинтеза происходило за счёт повышения концентрации углекислого газа из аэрозоля. Сделан вывод, что путём применения аэрозольной подкормки агрофитоценоза раствором углекислой соли можно добиться увеличения продуктивности виноградников в равнинной южной зоне Дагестана.
Effect of the grass cover on the quality of Brunello di Montalcino wine [Vitis vinifera L. - Tuscany] Baldioli, M; Montedoro, G. (Perugia Univ. (Italy). Dipartimento di Scienze degli Alimenti); Servili, M. (Universita del Molise, Campobasso (Italy). Dipartimento di Scienze e Tecnologie Agroalimentari e Microbiologiche)
Rivista di Viticoltura e di Enologia (Italy),
(Sep 2000), Letnik:
53, Številka:
2-3
Journal Article
The wine quality is affected by agronomic and technological conditions of production. In this ambit the agronomic practices, that include the grass cover, play an important role in the quality ...parameters of raw material. This paper reports the effect of grass cover, obtained using different species such as Trifolium subterraneum and Festuca arundinacea on the quality of "Brunello di Montalcino" wine. The results showed that the grass cover affected the quality characteristics of wine, improving phenolic concentration of young and matured wines. The best results were obtained using Festuca arundinacea to obtain the grass cover
La qualita' dei vini e' influenzata da fattori agronomici e tecnologici. Tra i primi, la tecnica colturale del terreno assume una notevole importanza. Nell'ambito delle diverse tecniche di conduzione dei terreni, particolare attenzione e' rivolta all' inerbimento del vigneto. Il presente lavoro riporta l'effetto dell'inerbimento del vigneto, condotto utilizzando diverse specie botaniche (Trifolium subterraneum e Festuca arundinacea), sulla qualita' di un grande vino rosso da invecchiamento quale il "Brunello di Montalcino". I risultati emersi dalla sperimentazione evidenziano che l'inerbimento comporta un netto miglioramento del quadro analitico legato alle caratteristiche organolettiche del vino, con particolare riferimento alla frazione fenolica. Nell'ambito delle diverse tesi saggiate, inoltre, l'inerbimento con Festuca arundinacea e' risultato quello piu' interessante perche' manifesta un piu' significativo incremento della frazione fenolica dei vini
Our objective was to characterize endemic strains of Trichogramma for further assessment of their potential commercial use for biocontrol of light brown apple moth, Epiphyas postvittana (Walker), in ...vineyards. There has been very little work on the endemic Trichogramma fauna in Australia and its potential for commercial use. We collected Trichogramma spp. from E. postvittana eggs at vineyards throughout southeastern Australia and separated species using morphological, electrophoretic, biological, and geographical criteria. The development times of the 4 most commonly collected species were useful in separating an undescribed Trichogramma (Trichogrammanza) species which had not been clearly identified morphologically. This new species may be adapted to lower temperatures than the other species collected, but its commercial potential is currently limited by its rejection of Sitotroga cerealella (Olivier) as a rearing host. An all-female thelytokous strain of this species was isolated. Another endemic species, Trichogramma (Trichogrammanza) carverae (Oatman and Pinto) has been mass reared successfully on S. cerealella and is being evaluated in field trials for control of E. postvittana.
A new dammarane-type saponin named quinquenoside L3 (1) together with vina-ginsenoside R3 (2) were isolated from the leaves and stems of Panax quinquefolium L. collected in Canada. On the basis of ...physicochemical and spectral evidences, 1 was established as 3-O-beta-D-glucopyranosyl-20-O-beta-D-xylopyranosyl-(1-->6)-beta-D -glucopyranosyl 20(S)-dammar-23-ene-3 beta, 12 beta,20,25-tetryol.
A study of the physiological and agronomical behaviour of the vine (cv. Chasselas) was conducted between 2001 and 2003 by the Swiss Federal Research Station for Plant Production at Changins ...(Agroscope RAC Changins) on various wine-growing farms in the Canton of Vaud (Switzerland). Conditions of water supply to the vine were closely linked to soil water reserves (useful reserve, RU) and to summer rainfall during the 2001-2003 growing seasons. The study of water supplies to the vine, measured by means of Ébase, showed that the level of water stress was low in 2001, moderate in 2002 during the period of grape development on sites with low RU and high in 2003 due to severe water stress in summer period. Results from measurements of minimum stem potential (ÉT MIN) have also demonstrated that temporary water stress on a daily basis is possible. Our observations indicate that there is a close correlation between the carbon isotope discrimination technique (£GC13) in grape sugars and the water supply observed in grapevines during ripening. Plant outgrowth of vines, as an expression of leaf biomass together with rootstock strength (weight of pruned wood), were largely dependant on soil water reservoirs and conditions of plant water stress during the growing season. The water supply system to plants, which was observed during grape development, had an important influence on the final berry size and the accumulation of their reduced sugars. Higher levels of sugar in berries were obtained from vines which had suffered from moderate water stress than from vines without any water stress. However, situations of increased water restriction (high stress) penalised sugar concentration in must, more especially as the water stress was early.
Eight vineyards in northern and central California were surveyed during three consecutive years, 1989-1991, and the presence or absence of Eutypa dieback symptoms was recorded for each vine in ...contiguous blocks of 1,250-3,150 vines. The vineyards were located in areas with different levels of mean annual rainfall; some vineyards contained inoculum sources (perithecia) of Eutypa lata; others did not. The spatial patterns of infected vines were examined by ordinary runs, two-dimensional distance class, spatial autocorrelation, and geostatistical analyses. Disease incidence ranged from 3.4% in 1989 to 81.5% in 1991. During the study, disease incidence more than doubled in five of the vineyards. Vineyards with perithecia had higher disease incidence. A disease gradient or edge effect was detected in two vineyards that did not contain inoculum sources; one of these was found to be adjacent to a vineyard with E. lata perithecia. The different analyses consistently described the relative randomness of the patterns of diseased vines among the vineyards. Those vineyards that contained perithecia had a higher proportion of vineyard rows with nonrandom disease patterns according to runs analysis. Two-dimensional distance class analysis showed that vineyards with perithecia contained clusters of diseased vines or other nonrandom patterns. Vineyards with perithecia also consistently had more significant spatial autocorrelation coefficients and semivariograms that indicated spatial dependence at distances up to 25 m. A nonrandom pattern was consistently found in one vineyard that was not near any known inoculum source. Three other vineyards with no known inoculum sources nearby were consistently considered to have random patterns, according to the spatial pattern analyses. In these vineyards, there was no evidence that would indicate disease spread by means other than airborne ascospores from distant sources
Economic aspects of land market in Slovakia were studied in two different regions, characterized by different soil and natural conditions. Two groups of Slovak land owners were analysed. The first ...group consisted of 412 private farmers with 43.2 ha of agricultural land (LA) per farm on average, the second one of 150 big enterprises such as cooperatives with 1,866 ha of LA on average. In addition, some facts about land markets in Bulgaria, Latvia, Poland, Romania and Ukraine are presented in this article. In Slovakia, a large group of private farmers farm either on 25-100 ha or on less than 2 ha of AL. The prices of AL they farm on vary between 10,000 and 100,000 SKK per ha. A big part of AL used by small farmers belongs to them, whereas big enterprises farm on rented AL or AL from other sources. The major part of AL in Slovakia consists of arable land, even if meadows and pastures occupy also a significant part.
