Vitamin D3 (VD3) is a fat-soluble vitamin and easily degraded under acidic conditions, which will greatly reduce its bioavailability. The use of complexes formed by protein-polysaccharide to control ...release and protect active compounds has become a feasible way in the food field. In this work, ovalbumin (OVA) and high methoxyl pectin (PEC) were applied to fabricate OVA-PEC nanocomplexes to encapsulate and protect VD3. The encapsulation efficiency of VD3 by OVA-PEC complexes could reach to 96.37%, and the storage stability of VD3 was obviously improved after encapsulation. The in vitro simulated gastrointestinal experiments combined with SEM and SDS-PAGE were employed to observe the digestive behavior of OVA-PEC-VD3 nanocomplexes. A small amount of VD3 is released from OVA-PEC-VD3 nanocomplexes in simulated gastric fluid, while a large amount of VD3 is released in simulated intestinal fluid. The sustained release kinetic of VD3 from OVA-PEC-VD3 nanocomplexes was consistent with the law of Higuchi model. The preliminary molecular mechanism for VD3 encapsulation by OVA-PEC complexes was also investigated, and the formation of OVA-PEC-VD3 nanocomplexes is ascribed to the electrostatic interactions, hydrogen bonding and hydrophobic interactions among OVA, PEC and VD3. The results demonstrated that protein-polysaccharide complexes can effectively encapsulate VD3 and achieve the goal of sustained release in the simulated gastrointestinal tract, which have potential applications in food and medicine.
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•The OVA-PEC complexes show high encapsulation efficiency for VD3.•The preliminary molecular mechanism for VD3 encapsulation by OVA-PEC complexes was studied.•VD3 encapsulated by OVA-PEC complexes can achieve excellent sustained release in simulated digestion in vitro.•The OVA-PEC-VD3 nanocomplexes have good storage stability.
Background
Vitamin D (Vit D) deficiency (VDD), associated with diverse health conditions, is commonly treated with Vit D3 supplements. However, the gastrointestinal (GI) absorption of Vit D3 in ...different formulations has not been well studied.
Objective
We aimed to compare the absorption of an innovative phospholipids-sucrester matrix biodelivery vehicle-based (sucrosomial
®
) orodispersible Vit D3 preparation against a reference chewable tablet and soft gel capsule (SGC) Vit D3 formulations in Vit D-deficient healthy adults.
Methods
In study 1, 25 subjects were randomized to receive a weekly single dose of 200,000 IU of sucrosomial
®
Vit D3 (
n
= 12) or chewable tablet Vit D3 (
n
= 13) for 3 weeks. In study 2, 20 subjects were randomized to receive a single dose of 200,000 IU every other week of sucrosomial
®
Vit D3 (
n
= 10) or SGC Vit D3 (
n
= 10) for 6 weeks. Circulatory 25-hydroxyvitamin D3 25(OH)D levels were reassessed after 2, 3, and 6 weeks in study 1 and after 4 and 6 weeks in study 2.
Results
In study 1, after 2 weeks, circulatory 25(OH)D levels increased significantly in both Vit D3 treatment groups (
p
< 0.0001) but improved markedly in the sucrosomial
®
Vit D3 group, with no further considerable change after 3 and 6 weeks in both groups. Overall, at all three follow-ups, sucrosomial
®
Vit D3 treatment achieved significantly higher and sustained 25(OH)D levels (
p
< 0.001). In study 2, after 4 weeks, both Vit D3 treatment groups showed significant improvement in circulatory 25(OH)D levels (
p
< 0.0001) but substantially higher in the sucrosomial
®
group with statistically significant differences between the two treatment groups (
p
= 0.02). At the 6-week follow-up, only subjects in the sucrosomial
®
Vit D3 group showed a further increase in circulatory 25(OH)D levels (
p
= 0.049), but no further significant changes in the levels of the SGC Vit D3 group (
p
= 0.062), showing a statistically significant difference between the two treatment groups (
p
= 0.002). The Vit D3 treatment was well tolerated by all participants, and no treatment-emergent effects or serious adverse events were reported.
Conclusion
Our results suggest that the sucrosomial
®
Vit D3 preparation absorbs efficiently in the GI system, achieving adequately higher and sustained circulatory Vit D levels in VDD, and thus can effectively contribute to the body protection against VDD-associated health conditions.
Clinical trial registration
clinicaltrials.gov
, identifier: NCT05706259.
There is limited randomized controlled trial evidence to support the association between vitamin D deficiency and anemia risk, highlighting the necessity for further investigations into the role of ...vitamin D in influencing iron status.
The aim of this study was to determine the effect of vitamin D3–fortified fruit drink consumption (4,000 IU) on vitamin D and iron status biomarkers among iron-deficient women (serum ferritin of <20 μg/L to convert μg/L ferritin to ng/mL, multiply by 1).
An 8-week double-blind randomized controlled trial was conducted.
A total of 45 healthy, nonpregnant, nonlactating subjects aged 18 through 40 years (mean SD 25.3 4.6 years) were included in the study, excluding those who donated blood 6 months prior, regularly consumed nutritional supplements, or had gastrointestinal or iron metabolic disorders.
Subjects were randomly assigned to receive either vitamin D3–fortified fruit drink or a placebo.
Measurements of 25-hydroxyvitamin D (25OHD), serum ferritin, high-sensitivity C-reactive protein, and full blood count concentrations were obtained at baseline, interim, and post intervention.
A mixed model, repeated measures analysis of variance was used to analyze the intervention effect.
Attrition rate for the study was 13%, with 6 dropouts, and 39 subjects completed the study. Daily consumption of vitamin D3–fortified fruit drink in the intervention group resulted in significant increases in 25(OH)D and serum ferritin concentrations compared with the placebo group. The intervention group showed significantly higher mean (SD) changes (Δ) in both 25(OH)D (Δ 76.4 30.2 nmol/L to convert nmol/L 25(OH)D to ng/mL, multiply by .4 vs Δ –1.3 10.7 nmol/L; P = .001) and serum ferritin concentrations (Δ 2.2 4.2 μg/L vs Δ –0.3 3.4 μg/L; P = .048) between baseline and post intervention. The other iron status biomarkers were not affected by the intervention.
Our study found that daily vitamin D3–fortified fruit drink supplementation for 8 weeks effectively improved 25(OH)D and iron stores, indicated by increased serum ferritin concentrations, in iron-deficient women. Further research is needed to evaluate its safety, efficacy, feasibility, and optimal food fortification in diverse populations.
Oil-in-water Pickering emulsions stabilized by nanofibrillated cellulose (NFC) were used to encapsulate and deliver vitamin D3. NFC was extracted from a waste product of the food industry, mangosteen ...(Garcinia mangostana L.) rind, using dissolution in a hot sodium hydroxide solution, bleaching using hydrogen peroxide, and shearing using a high-pressure homogenizer. This yielded cellulose fibers with a diameter of around 60 nm and a length of several micrometers. Emulsions containing 10% w/w oil (0.01% w/w vitamin D3 and 9.99% w/w soybean oil), 0.10–0.70% w/w NFC as emulsifier, and phosphate buffer (pH 7) were prepared. The effect of NFC on lipid digestion and vitamin bioaccessibility was investigated using a simulated gastrointestinal tract (GIT) model, which included mouth, stomach and small intestine phases. The rate and extent of lipid digestion, as well as the vitamin bioaccessibility, decreased with increasing NFC concentration. Numerous physicochemical phenomena may account for this effect, including the ability of NFC to: act as a physical barrier at the lipid droplet surfaces; to promote droplet flocculation in the gastric phase; and, to increase the viscosity of the aqueous phase. The slight decrease in vitamin D3 bioaccessibility at higher NFC levels, was probably due to the lower level of lipid digestion. Our results indicate that mangosteen fiber can be used to stabilize oil-in-water emulsions, and only has a minor effect on lipid digestion and vitamin bioaccessibility when used at relatively low levels. This information may be useful for the rational design of functional foods from natural waste-products, such as mangosteen rind.
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•The ability of nanofibrillated cellulose to encapsulate and deliver vitamin D3 was studied.•Cellulose concentration affected the lipid digestion rate and extent.•Lipid digestion was inhibited at higher cellulose contents.•Vitamin D bioaccessibility slightly decreased with increasing cellulose content.•Low levels of nanofibrillated cellulose should be used to deliver oil-soluble vitamins.
•In human PBMCs 702 genes are significantly (p < 005) affected by a vitamin D3 bolus.•These genes are involved in general protein translation, monocyte differentiation and cellular growth ...control.•The expression pattern of vitamin D target genes differed significantly between individuals.
In the vitamin D intervention study VitDbol (NCT02063334) blood samples were drawn directly before an oral bolus (2000 μg vitamin D3) and 24 h later. The focus of phase II of VitDbol was the transcriptome-wide analysis of the effects of vitamin D gene expression in human peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs). All five participants responded in an individual fashion to the bolus by increases in serum levels of the vitamin D metabolites 25-hydroxyvitamin D3 (25(OH)D3) and 1α,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 (1,25(OH)2D3). RNA sequencing identified 15.040 commonly expressed genes in PBMCs, 702 (4,7%) of which were significantly (p < 0,05) affected by the vitamin D3 bolus. KEGG pathway analysis suggested that these genes are involved in general protein translation, monocyte differentiation and cellular growth control. Previously published transcriptome-wide studies in comparable cell systems confirmed 234 of the 702 vitamin D target genes, leaving many genes, such as HLA-A and HLA-C, as novel discoveries. Interestingly, in vivo stimulated PBMCs of this study showed a larger number of common vitamin D target genes with the monocytic cell line THP-1 than with in vitro stimulated PBMCs. The expression pattern of vitamin D target genes differed significantly between individuals and the average expression change can serve as a marker for vitamin D responsiveness. In conclusion, this study demonstrates that under in vivo conditions changes in 25(OH)D3 and 1,25(OH)2D3 serum concentrations alter the expression of more than 700 vitamin D target genes in human leukocytes.
Vitamin D
3
(VD
3
) participated widely in the nuclear factor-κB (NF-κB)-mediated inflammation, apoptosis, and autophagy through the vitamin D receptor (VDR). However, the molecular mechanisms remain ...not understood in teleost. The present study investigated the functions of VD
3
/VDR on intestinal inflammation, autophagy, and apoptosis of turbot
in vivo
and
in vitro
. Triple replicates of 30 fish were fed with each of three diets with graded levels of 32.0 (D
0
), 1012.6 (D
1
), and 3978.2 (D
2
) IU/kg VD
3
. Obvious intestinal enteritis was observed in the D
0
group and followed with dysfunction of intestinal mucosal barriers. The intestinal inflammatory response induced by VD
3
deficiency was regulated by the NF-κB/inflammasome signalling. The promotion of intestinal apoptosis and suppression of intestinal autophagy were also observed in the D
0
group. Similarly, VD
3
deficiency
in vitro
induced more intense inflammation regulated by NF-κB/inflammasome signalling. The mutually exclusive apoptosis and autophagy were also observed in the group without 1,25(OH)
2
D
3
in vitro
, accompanied by similar changes in apoptosis and autophagy increased apoptosis. The gene expression of VDRs was significantly increased with the increasing VD
3
supplementation both
in vivo
and
in vitro
. Moreover, VDR knockdown in turbot resulted in intestinal inflammation, and this process relied on the activation of inflammasome mediated by NF-κB signalling. Simultaneously, intestinal apoptosis was promoted, whereas intestinal autophagy was inhibited. In conclusion, VD
3
deficiency could induce intestinal inflammation
via
activation of the NF-κB/inflammasome pathway, intestinal apoptosis, and autophagy formed a mutually exclusive relation in teleost. And VDR is the critical molecule in those processes.
The correct grant number for NCI P20 is CA103736. Citation: Cheng X, Zhao X, Khurana S, Bruggeman LA, Kao H-Y (2013) Correction: Microarray Analyses of Glucocorticoid and Vitamin D3 Target Genes in ...Differentiating Cultured Human Podocytes.
Vitamin D3 and 25(OH)D3: an open debate Minisola, Salvatore; De Martino, Viviana; Cipriani, Cristiana ...
The American journal of clinical nutrition,
September 2021, 2021-09-01, Letnik:
114, Številka:
3
Journal Article
PDF
