The present study deals with the feasibility to implement, on board ship, a direct nanofiltration process in order to treat laundry grey waters and recycle 80% to the inlets of the washing machines. ...At first, a specific methodology for real laundry grey water production was set up at the laboratory for the purpose. Characteristics of the lab-produced grey water are close to those observed on board (pH 7, 1300
mg
COD/L, 80
mg
TSS/L). Then, a membrane screening in view of a selection was realised at the lab scale. A direct nanofiltration process (without pre-treatment) on tubular PCI-AFC80 membrane (35
bar, 25
°C, volumic-reduction-factor 5) allowed us to produce a permeate free of micro-organisms and suspended solids and with only 48
mg
COD/L and 7
mg
TOC/L. Based on these satisfactory preliminary results, a techno-economic study was conducted (up-scaling) with the aim of producing daily 52
m
3 of recyclable permeate from 65
m
3 of polluted grey water. Finally, orders of magnitude, both for energetic consumption and processing costs, are proposed.
New requirements and developments in the world of business and commerce era provide a background to the emergence of new attitudes which are essential for those involved in the field of production ...and trade. In this regard, there are new approaches and attitudes toward the subject matter of supply chain which is following an approach to a green chain via environmental requirements. In this study, not only the suppliers directly associated with the company, but also those providing raw materials for manufacturers were also considered in a second layer of supply chain, so as to select optimal suppliers from the both layers. Considering the first and second layers of suppliers as well as the green factor, a criteria called “second layer” was developed, with its associated fuzzy numbers been calculated using a proposed method, so as to rank suppliers on the first layer in hierarchical fuzzy TOPSIS method based on different levels of alpha. Finally, in order to assign orders to suppliers from the first and second layer, multi-objective linear programming was used to formulate various constraints such as size of each supplier on either the first or second layers as well as the capacity of the communication paths between suppliers on the first layer and the buyer, with respect to extenuating circumstances. In this paper, a multi-product model is proposed to solve multiple sourcing supplier problem in green supply chains considering environmental issues. The proposed model aims to maximize value of the suppliers while minimizing the costs associated with environmental pollutions, purchasing expenses, fixed ordering cost, transportation costs and penalties for returned goods. The solution method succeed to improve epsilon constraint in GAMS Software. The efficiency and applicability of the proposed approach is further illustrated with a case study in a washing machine manufacturing company.
Product testing is widely used to assess the characteristics, e.g. performance and energy consumption of a product. The procedures for executing the tests, including measurements and processing of ...measurement results, can be contained in standards. Standards should produce results that are repeatable, reproducible and valid at a reasonable cost. A number of stakeholders have questioned the appropriateness of several standards because the results that these standards provide are different from what a consumer may experience in practice. In the end, this can have negative consequences for the trust of consumers in the policy instruments (energy labels, minimum efficiency requirements) that use these standards and an energy savings deficit compared to what was expected by policy-makers. There is, therefore, a need for standards that better reflect ‘real-life’ conditions, meaning those conditions that consumers experience at home. However, unlike the other criteria that standards should meet, there is no methodology to assess the representativeness of a standard. This article develops such a methodology and presents the results for several household electrical appliances: washing machines, refrigerators and vacuum cleaners. In general, variation of situational conditions is not reflected in the standards and important parts of use behaviour are implemented as ‘artificial’ in the standards, showing that the other criteria (repeatability, reproducibility and cost) are prioritised over representativeness. Assessment of performance is difficult to evaluate because the type of assessment differs between practice and test; additional research is needed in this area.
In the production activity of Bottled Drinking Water (AMDK) in CV Barokah Abadi there is a gallon washing station. At the work station it involves three stages of activity such as washing and rinsing ...the outside of the gallon, spraying the inside of the gallon and rubbing the inside of the gallon which is done in a separate place. Distribution of Nordic Body Map (NBM) questionnaires showing employee complaints data at gallon washing stations where workers complained of pain in the right upper arm, right forearm and right wrist respectively 88% and workers also complained of pain in the waist and The right hand respectively by 81%. Ergonomic gallon washer is one way to minimize the risk of MSDs. The design begins with an ergonomic evaluation of the existing conditions and the concept of the initial design of the gallon washer. The evaluation is utilized for consideration of design improvements with the utilization of Ergonomic Function Deployment (EFD) in order for the product concept to conform to the ECSHE principle (Effective, Comfortable, Safe, Healthy and Efficient). The tool improvement design can minimize the risk of MSDs seen from the worker's posture while using an ergonomic washer.
The term 'Life' in an Accelerated Life Testing (ALT) is a key component. For an unknown product design life, an ALT cannot be designed. The reliability requirements are about the probability of ...satisfying specific product performance parameters across the product life cycle. Therefore, defining the design life of a product becomes a major requirement in designing an ALT. Expected product life at service in the market place is mostly defined by the customers in their viewpoint and time scales such as years. Customer's perception on product life is influenced by the market forces. The techniques applicable to the process of translating voice of the customer into a well-defined product life and product characteristics are discussed briefly with examples.
Mixed-model synchronous assembly line (MMSAL) is a type of assembly line that can be found in the production of large household appliances (e.g., washing machines, dryers, etc.). In this assembly ...line, products that are simultaneously processed on the line are transferred to the next station at the same time. In this paper, the sequencing problem of MMSAL with three objectives: (1) total idle cost, (2) total production rate variation cost, and (3) total setup cost is simultaneously studied. These three objectives are first weighted by their relative importance weights and a mathematical model is proposed for the problem. Since this problem is well known as non-deterministic polynomial-time hard class, a meta-heuristic algorithm based on simulated annealing is proposed to solve it. Performance of the proposed algorithm is compared against the Lingo 9 software. The computational results validate the efficiency and effectiveness of the proposed algorithm.
Urban areas are currently experiencing rapid growth, which brings with it increases in the population, the expansion of impervious surfaces, and an overall jump in the environmental and hydrological ...impact. To mitigate such an impact, different strategies proposed to tackle this problem often vary; for example, stormwater tanks, the reuse of wastewater and grey water, the installation of equipment to reduce water consumption, and education-based approaches. Consequently, this article presents the simulation and evaluation of implementing infrastructure options (stormwater harvesting, reuse of industrial waters, water-saving technology in residential sectors, and reuse of water from washing machines) for managing urban water in two urban catchments (Fucha and Tunjuelo) in Bogotá, Colombia, over three periods: baseline, 10 years, and 20 years. The simulation was performed using the software Urban Volume Quality (UVQ) and revealed a possible reduction in drinking water consumption of up to 47% for the Fucha Catchment and 40% for the Tunjuelo Catchment; with respect to wastewater, the reduction was up to 20% for the Fucha Catchment and 25% for the Tunjuelo Catchment. Lastly, two scenarios were evaluated in terms of potential savings related to water supply and sewage fees. The implementation of strategies 3 and 6 insofar as these two strategies impacted the hydric resources. Therefore, there would be a significant reduction in contaminant loads and notable economic benefits attributable to implementing these strategies.
This paper presents a research on magnetic torque improvement of interior permanent magnet synchronous motor (IPMSM) for a direct drive washing machine by considering various barrier shapes. For the ...direct drive of washing machine, the IPMSM must have high magnetic torque at low speed in the laundry mode. However, the magnetic torque of it is decreased and torque ripple is also increased at the same time, when current phase angle is increased. By using finite element analysis (FEA), several characteristics such as d-, q-axis inductance, back electromotive force (EMF), average torque, torque ripple, and cogging torque are presented. Besides, high-temperature demagnetization which can occur in manufacturing time is considered. Finally, the analysis results are compared with experimental results to verify the proposed design.
Stains from foodstuffs, cosmetics, and daily activities are frequently founded on our clothes. It is very annoying to remove stains, because extra treatment should be done before or after washing. A ...smart washing machine, which can operate adequately according to the types of stains on garments, will provide another convenience to users. In this study, the relative contributions of washing factors to the removal of stains depending on the type of stain and fiber, were investigated using domestic front-loading washers. The investigated washing factors were temperature, time, drum speed, and the ratio of motion time to pause time. Removal of 15 types of common stains on three types of cloths, such as cotton, polyester and cotton/polyester blend, was assessed. Stains were categorized by the origin: food, cosmetics, body, outdoor activities and factory work. Multiple regression equations containing interaction effects were obtained from the soiled cloths with these stains. Depending on the magnitudes of standardized regression coefficients for the effect of washing factors on the soil removal, the soiled cloths were divided into five groups: cloths soiled with oily materials, cotton cloths soiled with proteins, cloths soiled with insoluble particles, cloths soiled with highly unsaturated oils, and polyester cloths. Effective washing conditions for each group were suggested.
Cogeneration of electrical energy and heat has become a steadily growing and flourishing segment of energy industry. Application potential of microturbines moved from back-up sources for electrical ...energy and island operation systems, and expended as a combined source for electrical energy and heat in commercial facilities and residential premises. In this paper, we wish to present an analysis of gas microturbine integration in a commercial laundry. We opted for a professional laundry care since it is a common representative of a well-known process which requires a lot of energy input. We focus on commercial laundries with a capacity over 1000 kg of processed laundry per shift. This type of laundries is very common and has a large innovation potential. The gas microturbine was considered as a cogeneration unit as it has a process-adequate performance (30 kWe). Its flue gas helps heat main laundry input flows: hot water for the washing machines and hot flue gas for the dryers. Incorporation of a progressive technology with a common commercial process gives us a promising application potential for our work. Prices of commercial microturbines are still rather high and short payback period may be expected only if very specific conditions are met.
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