Our analysis aims to better understand water losses by developing a specific methodology for estimating water leak flow rates and durations. Additionally, it aims to improve asset management ...practices for drinking water utilities by forecasting the costs and benefits of investment and operational decisions on the network. Current utility practices are compared to a "do nothing" policy and to the potential effective asset management policies proposed by an artificial neural network (ANN) based software, PRISM. Applied to four utilities in France, our methodology provides valuable insights for enhancing water loss estimates and finding trade-off asset management policies.
•Developing a specific methodology to estimate flow rates and durations of water leaks.•Predicting the costs and performance, including the Water Efficiency ratio, for an asset management policy.•Comparing current utility practices with a "do nothing" policy and evaluating potential effective trade-off policies.•Developing a practical methodology for water utilities, as evidenced by its application to four utilities in France.
A cobalt corrole with an appended crown ether unit displays significantly boosted electrocatalytic hydrogen evolution activity in the presence of water as reported by Rui Cao and co‐workers in their ...Communication (e202114310). The crown ether unit is able to grab water molecules through hydrogen bond interactions. The established water network can play critical roles in assisting proton transfer, leading to improved electrocatalytic activity for the hydrogen evolution reaction, which mimics water‐network‐assisted proton transfer as found in metalloproteins.
•Microgrids with private owners can enhance the resilience of integrated PDN and WDN.•Water consumption pattern and damages of WDN can affect the restoration of loads.•Impact of DR on resilience ...improvement is investigated with a new proposed index.
Resilience improvement of power distribution networks against natural disasters is an important problem. Water network similar to other important infrastructures depends on power networks. In this paper, resilience improvement is defined as increasing the users’ accessibility to water and power after natural disasters. Microgrids with appropriate operation can provide energy to restore disconnected loads in distribution networks. In the proposed interactive framework, a stochastic energy management program for microgrids is designed that not only determines the amount of energy can be delivered to distribution systems, but also considers the reliability of local loads during emergency conditions. Each microgrid provides a list of bid-quantity energy blocks to the distribution system operator (DSO) during the emergency period. Then, the DSO chooses the best plan to restore disconnected loads considering inaccessibility values to power and water and also the damage of power and water distribution networks. Demand response actions in microgrids are also considered as effective tools for the energy management program, and their impact on the distribution system resilience is investigated. The proposed model is tested on the modified IEEE 33-bus distribution system with multiple microgrids, and the effectiveness of the proposed method is validated accordingly.
The pumps of high lift station consume a high magnitude of power to deliver the water supply to the community consumers, therefore it necessary to looking for means that help to reduce this ...consumption. The service pipe is an important part of water supply network but it is usually ignored in network analysis. The research focuses on the investigating the effects of this pipe on annual power consumption of pump station. The proposed model is constructed using EPAnet software and different values of diameter and C-coefficient are studied. Moreover, the effect of demand allocation is also studied. The results indicated that the increasing in diameter or in C-coefficient cause decreasing of annual power consumption. The application of demand allocation gives power consumption values less than that for no demand allocation application case. The statistical model showed the significance relationship among power consumption and service pipe properties, and showed that the effect of C-coefficient is higher than the effect of diameter.
This paper addresses the synthesis problem of non-isothermal water networks using a mathematical programming approach. A heat-integrated water network superstructure and its corresponding mixed ...integer nonlinear programming (MINLP) model is proposed for the synthesis of individual as well as interplant water networks. A new feature of the proposed model includes piping installation cost within the objective function minimising the total annual cost of the network. This introduces additional trade-offs between operating and investment costs that can impact a final network design. Three examples were solved in order to demonstrate the applicability and effectiveness of the proposed model and solution approach. The results show that additional saving in total annual cost can be achieved by enabling direct water integration between plants. Improved solutions were obtained compared to those reported in the literature considering freshwater and utilities consumption as well as total annual cost.
•Synthesis of non-isothermal interplant water networks is addressed.•Different water and heat integration opportunities between plants are considered.•The objective of the model is to minimise the total annual cost including piping.•Improved designs regarding total annualised cost are obtained.
Proton transfer is vital for many biological and chemical reactions. Hydrogen‐bonded water‐containing networks are often found in enzymes to assist proton transfer, but similar strategy has been ...rarely presented by synthetic catalysts. We herein report the Co corrole 1 with an appended crown ether unit and its boosted activity for the hydrogen evolution reaction (HER). Crystallographic and 1H NMR studies proved that the crown ether of 1 can grab water via hydrogen bonds. By using protic acids as proton sources, the HER activity of 1 was largely boosted with added water, while the activity of crown‐ether‐free analogues showed very small enhancement. Inhibition studies by adding 1) external 18‐crown‐6‐ether to extract water molecules and 2) potassium ion or N‐benzyl‐n‐butylamine to block the crown ether of 1 further confirmed its critical role in assisting proton transfer via grabbed water molecules. This work presents a synthetic example to boost HER through water‐containing networks.
A cobalt corrole with an appended crown ether unit was designed and synthesized to model water‐network‐assisted proton transfer as found in metalloproteins. Experimental and theoretical studies confirmed that the crown ether unit of this cobalt corrole can grab water molecules through hydrogen bond interactions and the established water network plays vital roles in assisting proton transfer, leading to significantly boosted electrocatalytic HER activity.
It is undeniable that the energy crisis and the reduced underground freshwater are challenging topics in the world and this issue have encouraged the researchers to seek different ways to solve them. ...One solution to fix the energy dilemma is energy hub concept in which the transactive energy can be transferred between the hubs. In addition, the industrial desalination units that use power to change the brackish water into potable water are proposed to address the freshwater shortage. It goes without saying that these two solutions behave inversely, so in order to minimize both the energy and freshwater extracted from underground reservoirs, a multi-objective procedure is applied in this study. The ε-constraint method and fuzzy satisfying approach are employed to find the most preferred solution in this proposed multi-objective problem. Reported results on how the water system adjusts its scheduling, considering the energy system conditions, validate the fact that the interdependent energy and water structures should be replaced by the proposed framework in the future works. The mentioned optimization problem is carried out by GAMS optimization software.
•The optimization of water and energy systems presented among energy hub’s concept.•Multi objective method was used for investigation of water and energy crises.•Desalination unit was considered in formulation of water provision system.•Transactive energy issue was considered in the formulation of energy hubs.•Mutual impact of water and energy systems was evaluated and numericized.
This work presents the synthesis of heat-integrated water networks (HIWNs) by using mathematical programming. A new superstructure is synthesised by combining a water network and a modified heat ...exchanger network. Based on the proposed superstructure, a mixed-integer nonlinear programming (MINLP) model is developed. The model is solved by using a one-step solution strategy enabling different initialisations and the generation of multiple solutions, from which the best one is chosen. The results show that the proposed model can be effectively used for solving HIWN problems of different complexities, including large-scale problems.
•Quantitative tools and methods to cultivate industrial symbiosis exchanges are reviewed.•A table of existing eco-industrial parks which have been studied is included.•Alterations in existing ...infrastructure issues are examined.•Motivational and restricted information concerns are discussed.
The quantitative tools and methods that have been developed to identify and cultivate industrial symbiotic exchanges in existing industrial parks to minimize overall energy and material consumption are reviewed. The issues relevant to adapting an existing park differs from those associated with constructing a new park using eco-industrial principles. Published literature was surveyed for methodologies which identify and establish viable inter-company exchanges for water, heat, power and materials. Studies which address issues associated with infrastructure alterations are specifically highlighted, as well as methods to quantify and manipulate any potential financial and/or ecological benefits gained by adopting proposed eco-industrial measures. Additional topics, such as network analysis, company motivation, confidentiality issues and introduction of new industries or facilities are included. This review surveys current quantitative methodologies that can be applied to the process of adapting established industrial park networks into eco-industrial park systems and case studies which are pertinent to this type of adaptation.
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