This study evaluated the economic effect of material costs on an existing reinforced concrete (RC)construction and a wooden construction designed with the same scale and function. The final demand ...for the RC construction was 116.0 million yen, while the wooden construction was 110.7 million yen. Hence, the wooden construction was superior with respect to construction cost. The ratio of induced gross value added to the RC construction was 0.783, while to the wooden construction it was 0.722. Hence, the RC construction was superior in terms of the efficiency of economic growth. Conversely, when the domestic timber rate of the wooden building was set to 100%, the ratio of induced gross value added was 0.792. Thus, the effectiveness of using the domestic timber was confirmed. Furthermore, we examined the economic effect of domestic processing of imported timber. It showed that the effect of using the domestic processed timber was similar to the domestic timber in the plywood and laminated lumber sector. Thus, it is assumed that for the parts where laminated woods are used, such as beams, imported woods are difficult to replace with domestic woods. Consequently, from the viewpoint of economic growth, it is suggested that domestic processing should be promoted.
Von der Stadt München wurden im südlichen Teil des Neubaugebiets des Prinz‐Eugen‐Parks mehrere Baufelder als zusammenhängende ökologische Mustersiedlung ausgezeichnet. Hier entstehen rund 570 ...Wohnungen bzw. Nutzungseinheiten in Holzbauweise, um den Holzbau innerstädtisch zu etablieren und eine moderne nachhaltige Stadtentwicklung zu forcieren.
Zur Vorbereitung dieses Bauprojekts wurde seitens der Stadt München ein von der Deutschen Bundesstiftung Umwelt gefördertes Forschungsprojekt in Auftrag gegeben, welches planerische Grundlagen und Zielvorgaben schaffen sollte. Durch die Ruhr‐Universität Bochum und die Technische Universität München wurden u. a. Lösungsmöglichkeiten für die zu erwartenden, aus der Holzbauweise resultierenden bauordnungsrechtlichen Abweichungen erarbeitet und mit der lokalen Brandschutzdienststelle abgestimmt.
Durch das Ingenieurbüro Fire & Timber .Ing GmbH wurde für drei Baufelder die vollständige brandschutztechnische Ingenieurleistung (brandschutztechnische Entwurfs‐, Genehmigungs‐ und Ausführungsplanung sowie Fachbauleitung Brandschutz) übernommen. Zusätzlich wurde für ein weiteres Baufeld eine gutachterliche Beurteilung zur Ausführung der brennbaren Fassadenkonstruktion durchgeführt.
In dem nachfolgenden Aufsatz wird auf die verschiedenen eingesetzten Bauweisen mit Blick auf die zugehörigen brandschutztechnischen Anforderungen und Maßnahmen bezüglich der Verwendung von Holz und Holzwerkstoffen eingegangen.
Prinz‐Eugen‐Park in Munich – diverse fire safety for Germany's greatest wooden construction settlement
The City of Munich awarded several building plots in the southern part of the Prinz‐Eugen‐Park as a coherent ecological model settlement. Around 570 apartments/units are being built here in timber construction with the aim of establishing timber construction within the city and promoting modern and sustainable urban development.
In preparation for this construction project, the City of Munich commissioned a research project sponsored by the German Federal Environmental Foundation (DBU), which provided the planning basis and objectives for the realization of the timber housing estate. As part of this research work, the Ruhr‐University of Bochum in cooperation with the Technical University of Munich (TUM) worked and pointed out possible solutions for the expected deviations from the building regulations resulting from the timber construction. These results were discussed with the Fire Protection Service of the City of Munich.
The engineering office Fire & Timber .Ing GmbH provided the complete fire protection engineering services (fire protection design, approval and implementation planning as well as fire protection site supervision) for three construction sites. In addition, an expert assessment was carried out for the construction of a flammable facade from a fire protection point of view for another construction site.
The following article deals with the various construction methods used with particular regard to the associated fire protection requirements and measures concerning the use of wood and wood‐based materials.
Finger joints enable the full utilization of wood. The finger joint technique is used to eliminate wood defects that would otherwise weaken the wood strength. This research project evaluated how the ...wood species, adhesive type, and number of teeth affect the elastic stiffness of finger joints. The adhesives used were polyurethane and polyvinyl acetate, and the wood species were beech (Fagus sylvatica L.) and spruce (Picea abies L.). This study also determined the elastic stiffness of finger joints with 2 teeth and 5 teeth. For this purpose, the samples were loaded via a bending moment reaction, with tensile or compression forces in the angular plane. The highest elastic stiffness was obtained from the beech wood samples with 5 teeth bonded with polyvinyl acetate adhesive under tensile stress. Therefore, it was concluded that the elastic stiffness increased when the number of teeth increased. However, further studies on the elastic stiffness of finger joints are necessary in relation to the finger teeth length and surface area of the glue between the finger joint connections.
Abstract
In
Amami‐Oshima
, folk houses are characterized by the “
HIKIMUN
construction” system, which is different from other wooden construction systems of the Japanese main island. Big beams that ...are dropped into primary posts are called “
HIKIMUN
.” This study aimed to clarify the regional characteristics of
HIKIMUN
construction systems and their determining factors. Ten
HIKIMUN
folk houses in mountainous, plain, and island areas were studied. According to the survey results, four types of
HIKIMUN
construction systems—Basic, Discontinuous, Extended, and Two levels—two types of
HIKIMUN
joints—Unprocessed and
Watariago
—and three types of floor level joints—
Makura
,
Kusabi
, and Combined—were identified. The regional characteristics of each type were also clarified.
Varieties of leaf tobacco in Japan can be broadly divided into various native species (300 and a few kinds at the time of 1901) that had spread to every region of Japan after they came down to Japan ...in the early Edo period and yellow species that the Meiji government transferred the technology from the United States aiming to make the domestic production of foreign-grown leaf tobacco in the late Meiji period. The demand of tobacco up to around the mid Taisho period was mainly native species, but the demand of lower-grade brand, yellow species, increased by recession, and the production area of yellow species, which was limited to Osaka and Hiroshima, began to gradually expand to the other Prefecture. Tobacco leaves produce unique taste and aroma by curing them. Although barns only to be used for curing tobacco seemed to be made by traditional construction method for both native species and yellow species in Japan, differences in their forms and structures and the use of the building were not yet cleared. Since the farmers who use a traditional tobacco curing room have almost disappeared and the demolition of the remains is increasing, the present study was made for the purpose of revealing the structure of the tobacco curing barn for yellow species. It was found that there were "Osaka type" with hip roof and without soil ceiling, "Hiroshima type" with soil ceiling, and "eclectic type" with soil ceiling and hip roof by compromising both types, and eventually it was uniformly integrated in "Osaka-type" nationwide. For these 3 construction methods, most previous studies targeted the building of "Osaka-type", and the details of "Hiroshima type" and "eclectic type" which had been tried in the transition period were unknown. Therefore, in this study, we carried out the comprehensive survey of the remains including also "Hiroshima type" and "eclectic type”. Since the curing barn of yellow species was built under the guidance of American engineer J. D. Jones in 1900, improvement was continued in order to make the more effective curing. The first curing barn was a building with a space of 3 Ken × 3.5 Ken, and the Japan's own standard of area: 2 Ken square, pillar length: 15 feet, have been established in the late Meiji period. Air warmed by the Kamado is circulated inside the iron pipe that was installed over the dirt floor of the barn to dry the leaves with its radiant heat. The temperature in the barn reaches up to 70 °C. The curing barn is wooden made and single-story. For curing, a minute-to-minute temperature adjustment table had been made under the guidance of the Monopoly Corporation, it was necessary to finely control the room temperature between 40 °C and 70 °C. For this reason, the building was required to have a structure with increased heat insulation property and airtightness as well as a performance to lower the room temperature by the rapid ventilation. The top window of the roof had been addressed for exhausting air and wet. The features described above are common to the previously described 3 types, we describe below the difference in the structure of heat insulation and exhaust in the ceiling and barn construction. A Hiroshima type curing barn with soil ceiling had a gradient of 4 Sun (a Sun is roughly 30 mm), it had 4 sliding-type wooden doors at the top of the slope ceiling to open and close them in the barn back by riding on top of the soil ceiling. Exhaust was done from both sides of the roof gable surfaces of the opened roof.
Damage to adobe constructions might occur due to a long wall and a lack of effective restraint in the middle of the wall, causing it to collapse under an earthquake. Aiming at these problems, a ...technology for improving the seismic performance of a modified adobe-brick-masonry composite wall with a wooden-construction center column is proposed. It uses modified mud, a wooden center column, steel-wire mesh, and nylon ropes to reinforce the wall. On this basis, four specimens of composite wall and one specimen of modified adobe wall were subjected to proposed quasistatic, cyclic in-plane loading tests to study their failure modes and seismic performance indicators. The results show that the failure modes of all walls were shear failure. The difference is that the modified adobe wall had horizontal cracks in the middle, whereas the composite walls were largely intact. Moreover, the composite walls relied on the modified mud to improve the seismic bearing capacity of each wall. They relied on the center column and the tie materials to form a second line of defense that would increase the wall ductility and collapse residual area. As a result, the phenomenon that caused wall damage and stiffness degradation was lessened.
In Amami-Oshima, folk houses characterized by “HIKIMUN construction” have remained. This study aims to clarify the regional characteristics of HIKIMUN construction systems and its determining ...factors. HIKIMUN construction is different from other wooden construction systems of the Japanese main island. Big beams which are dropped into primary posts are called “HIKIMUN”. This study shows 10 HIKIMUN folk houses in mountainous, plains, and island areas. According to these survey results, this identified four types of HIKIMUN construction systems, two types of HIKIMUN joints, and three types of floor level joints. The study also clarifies the regional characteristics for each type.
This study measured greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions in material production, transport, construction, and demolition of an existing reinforced concrete (RC) construction that was used as a special ...elderly nursing home with 1977.75m2 gross floor area and of a wooden construction that was designed with the same scale and functions as the RC construction by life cycle assessment. Gross GHG emissions measured 592.3 t-CO2eq by the wooden construction and 1155.6 t-CO2eq by the RC construction. From the viewpoint of GHG emission, we showed that the wooden constructions had an advantage over the RC constructions. In the case of modifying the structure of the wooden construction from semi-fireproof to fireproof, the gross GHG emission increased 6.5%. Also, in the case of modifying mat foundation to pile foundation, the gross GHG emission increased 8.4%. However, the advantages of the wooden construction remained in both cases when compared with the RC construction. After examining the relationship between the weight cover ratio and the GHG emission, we clarified a larger impact by a component of the constructions with higher environmental load units even if the weight was light.
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