This study aims to find the form of morphological interference that occurs due to the contact between the Arabic language being studied and the first language that has been mastered by students of ...Arabic Language Education, State University of Jakarta. This study uses a descriptive qualitative approach with a case study method. The case studies were carried out directly in real life from data sources totalling 95 students. Data collection was carried out through testing, direct interviews and listening to conversations. From this study, it was found that there were 480 forms of morphological interference, which were summarized into the following forms: (1) differences in word patterns (22%); (2) word formation (32%); (3) compounding (3%); and (4) reduplication (43%). Factors causing morphological interference that occur among students are differences in word patterns between Arabic and the first language that has been mastered, low understanding of Arabic vocabulary and systems, and differences in the culture of language users.
In questo saggio ci si propone di analizzare le varie tecniche della formazione delle parole, nelle quali l’inglese gioca un ruolo importante; per tale scopo si esamina il corpus di articoli tratti ...dalle prime pagine de La Stampa nei primi dieci giorni di gennaio degli anni 1980, 1985, 1990, 1995, 2000, 2005 e 2010. L’analisi dei dati rivela che nel campo della formazione delle parole l’inglese gioco un ruolo importante: alcune parole sono state create da parole inglesi con l’aggiunta di un suffisso o un prefisso italiano oppure con la composizione di due elementi (uno italiano e un altro inglese) in un unico significante. L’influsso più significativo è, a nostro avviso, quello che riguarda la modifica strutturale di alcune parole italiane composte con l’ordine ‘Dnte + Dto’ tipico dell’inglese. This essay aims to analyze how and where English methods of word formation participates in Italian word formation. Results are achieved by examining a specific corpus made up of articles taken from the first pages of La Stampa and written during the first ten days of January in 1980, 1985, 1990, 1995, 2000, 2005, 2010. The analysis reveals how important English is in Italian word formation: new Italian words are be formed by adding prefixes and suffixes to an English word or by combining words. In our opinion, the typical English sequence ‘Dnte+Dnto’ is one of the most significant methods of Italian word formation and it shows how English influences Italian so far.
The aim of this research was to find out the types of word formation in medical terms in The Jakarta Post’s health articles. This research was designed as a descriptive qualitative research. The ...population of this research was all medical terms in The Jakarta Post newspaper. The sample of this research was medical terms found in seven health articles in The Jakarta Post newspaper which published from June until December 2016. Documentation was used as main instrument in this research. There were 10 types of word formation by Yule (2010). The result of this study showed, there are 55 data of derivation, 20 data of compounding, 16 data of borrowing, 11 data of acronym, 2 data of clipping, and one data of backformation. It can be concluded, there are six types of word formation were found in seven health articles. Further, there is no coinage, blending, conversion, and multiple processes were found in medical terms in seven health articles in The Jakarta Post’s newspapers.
The article considers the significance of English-language borrowings in the development of the French youth argot which plays a crucial role in the non-format system. Members of the specified social ...group create a particular subculture trying to separate themselves from the representatives of other society strata by means of a specific sociolect, among other things. Using English words, the younger generation of the French assimilates them to create a subjective communication code with the help of word-formation techniques that operate on various language levels. The purpose of the research is to determine the main specific and non-specific mechanisms for the formation of new argotic units based on lexemes of English origin obtained by the continuous sampling method on the basis of linguo-stylistic (selection of vocabulary incorporated into the works by modern French writers and rap song scripts) and lexicological (analysis of scientific articles and argotographic sources) areas. The paper deals with the structure of modern French youth argot. The work gives the characteristics of the argotic functional features determining the variety of ways of word creation that cause linguistic isolation. The conducted analysis resulted in a classification of convergent models of neologization concerning the phonological, morphological and semantic linguistic levels. The relevance of the study of the modern youth sublanguage is explained by its intensive structural transformation, active replenishment and, in this connection, by the desire to analyze the communication environment of this reference group that has significantly expanded due to the Internet popularization and the variety of messengers, to understand its vocabulary repertoire and culture. For that reason we should note the necessity for further complex research of the processes occurring with the obtained non-conventional English-language lexical units in the speech of modern French youth.
The present paper provides a qualitative investigation into the semantics of Italian Covid-19 terms, with special attention to complex constructs that are the outcomes of contact with English in ...Italian foreign word formation (Iacobini 2015), and are formed with Covid and corona as first or second constituent. Related questions concern the effects of matter borrowing (i.e. borrowing of individual lexical units Ten Hacken and Panocová 2020a, 2020b) onto Italian word formation. That is, the reinforcing effect that new foreign word formations in analogue pairs and sets of analogues might have on specific native or foreign Italian word formation patterns and schemas. The findings return an extremely varied picture. Roughly, the analysis demonstrates the general adherence of Italian to the Left-Hand Head Rule principle in case of Adjective-Noun and Noun-Noun constructs, e.g. tassa Covid, a classificatory noun and a pseudo-Anglicism, vis-à-vis English Covid tax. Second, Anglicisms increase contact with right-headed word formations in Italian, and local analogy can be established with earlier Anglicisms, based on formal similarity, and with an identical second element, e.g. the semantic pseudo-Anglicism Covid Tax, a Name, possibly formed after English Tobin Tax. Luxury loans—or, according to Öhmann’s (1961) canonical definition, borrowings that can be considered semantic equivalents of words in the receiving language—are another way to reinforce contact with Anglicisms and awareness of mirror structures, e.g. green pass, a pseudo-Anglicism, and the hybrids Covid pass and pass Covid. Third, reinforcing effects can be observed for specifications of Prep-NA,N and Adv-NA,N schemas—as in non-Covid.N ‘anti-Covid vaxxer,’ a hybrid, and no-Covid.N ‘anti-Covid vaxxer,’ either a hybrid or a pseudo-Anglicisms. These effects are also demonstrated in word-formations within Italian, for instance the pseudo-Anglicisms Fontanavirus and Contevirus, which are formed locally on the Anglicism and model analogue Coronavirus, with a shift from Noun to Name in left position, and different context-based processes of meaning building.
This paper focuses on different types of word-formation uniqueness. Word-formation uniqueness can be found in solitary word-formation structures, which the author defines as unique structures ...representing a specific word-formation type found in a single derivative. The basic and simplest type is represented by a unique affix in a single derivative in the respective language of a given time period. An example of this is the Czech noun obličej ‘face’: the circumfix ob-ej (with -lič- as a radix to be found in the noun líce ‘cheek’) is found in no other noun in the contemporary Czech. Another uniquely formed noun in contemporary Czech is the noun rukáv ‘sleeve’, derived from ruka ‘hand’ with the unique suffix -áv. Specific word-formation solitaires are theoretically conceived values. They are derivatives with a specific, but not uniquely found affix which is uniquely added to the stem of a single word of a specific part of speech, e.g. the very specific suffix -ule is added to the stem of the verb vrtět ‘to wag’ so that the noun vrtule ‘propeller’ is derived. This article shows that the notion of word-formation solitariness can be theoretically postulated on different levels of abstractness, both of the form and of the word-formation meaning.
This article presents a corpus study of Norwegian compounds with deverbal heads (e.g., papirproduksjon 'paper production' from produsere 'produce') and corresponding constructions in Russian, such as ...the genitive (proizvodstvo bumagi 'paper production'), the adjective (bumažnoe proizvodstvo 'paper production'), the preposition (priglašenie na užin 'dinner invitation'), and compound constructions (zemlevladelec 'landowner'). Test of the "Non-Head Function Hypothesis" (Mezhevich 2002) indicates that the genitive construction is the most frequent equivalent of Norwegian compounds where the non-head functions as an internal argument (object). However, the adjective and compound constructions represent important competitors, while the preposition construction is more marginal. The genitive construction is shown to be particularly frequent for non-agentive nouns. A number of generalizations about the use of compounds are proposed, and it is argued that the adjective construction involves "typification," which is an example of the general cognitive process "construal" (Langacker 2008). Finally, an "Extended Non-Head Function Hypothesis" is proposed, according to which the choice of a Russian construction depends on the closeness of the relation between head and non-head of the Norwegian compound. The closer the relation, the more likely is the use of the genitive. The more distant the relation, the more likely is the use of the adjective construction.
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