The intensity of household food waste is of concern throughout the world, especially, in developed countries like Australia where it accounts for 34% of all food wasted along the value chain. Due to ...these concerns, there has been an emergence of research over the last decade to support policy interventions. This study contributes to this body of knowledge by examining the influence of consumer shopping habits and motivational factors on the intensity of food wasted by Australian households. Based on data from an online survey of 5272 Australian households, results of this study reveal that most of the shopping habits examined (except buying food based on what is on special) have significant impacts on the intensity of food wasted. Furthermore, based on two‐step cluster analysis, it was found that consumers from different backgrounds possess similar types of shopping habits, however, they are different in terms of their levels of motivations aiming to reduce food being wasted. The insights provide guidance for practitioners and policymakers regarding what actions to be taken to reduce food waste in Australian households.
Commonly available antibiotics were examined for activity against group A-hemolytic streptococci isolated from the throat of healthy children in two primary schools in Osaka city and from patients ...with scarlet fever between 1963 and 1977. The antibiotics tested comprised seven penicillins, four cephalosporin antibiotics, three macrolides, and tetracycline and chloramphenicol. The results were as follows. 1. Penicillins were found to be highly active except CB-PC and SB-PC. SB-PC was the least active, with the MIC value on the test organisms as large as 12.5μg/ml. 2. Cephalosporin antibiotics were in order of decreasing activity of CER, CEZ, CET, and CEX. The activity of CER was similar to that of penicillin V. The MIC of CEX was as large as 12.5μg/ml. 3. Tetracycline varied greatly with the test strains for activity. As early as in 1963 this antibiotic was already resistant to some of the streptococcal strains. The strains resistant to tetracycline were types 12, 4, and 1. The least resistant strain was type 6. 4. Chloramphenicol became increasingly inactive on the isolates. Its MIC values began to increase from 1963 onward, as shown by the doubling MIC values of 3, 12μg/ml in 1963 to 1967, 6.25μg/ml in 1968, 12.5μg/ml in 1969 to 1972, 25μg/ml in 1973, and as large as 50μg/ml in 1976. Type 12 was the most frequently detected strain, which was followed by types 1 and 4. 5. Macrolides were active against all the test strains before 1973, when, all of a sudden, a new strain suppressed only at an MIC as large as 100μg/ml appeared. This year experienced an epidemic caused by type 12 strain, which was replaced by type 1 in 1976 and 1977. These were also resistant to macrolides. 6. Many strains were resistant to five different antibiotics comprising TC, CP, EM, OL, and JM, and were of types 12 (1973 and 1976), 1 (1976), and 4 (1976, only a single strain). The strains resistant to macrolides were also resistant to TC and CP. The number of strain (s) resistant to a single macrolide was (were) to EM and 3 to OL.
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