As a first step towards understanding the functional role of neuroactive substances in the first olfactory center of the male silkworm moth Bombyx mori, we carried out an immunocytochemical ...identification of antennal lobe neurons. Antibodies against gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA), FMRFamide, serotonin, tyramine and histamine were applied to detect their existence in the antennal lobe. In the present immunocytochemical study, we clarified four antenno-cerebral tracts from their origin and projection pathways to the protocerebrum, and revealed the following immunoreactive cellular organization in the antennal lobe. 1) Local interneurons with cell bodies in the lateral cell cluster showed GABA, FMRFamide and tyramine immunoreactivity. 2) Projection neurons passing through the middle antenno-cerebral tract with cell bodies in the lateral cell cluster showed GABA and FMRFamide immunoreactivity. Projection neurons passing through the outer antenno-cerebral tract with cell bodies in the lateral cell cluster showed FMRFamide immunoreactivity. 3) Centrifugal neurons passing through the inner antenno-cerebral tract b with cell bodies located outside the antennal lobe showed serotonin and tyramine immunoreactivity. Our results revealed basic distribution patterns of neuroactive substances in the antennal lobe and indicated that each projection pathway from the antennal lobe to the protocerebrum contains specific combination of neuroactive substances.
This study investigated additional and traditional variables from isokinetic test of thigh muscles in soccer players across different field positions. One hundred and eighty-nine athletes performed ...maximal concentric isokinetic knee contractions on dominant (DL) and non-dominant limb (NDL) at 60º/s and 240º/s. The additional outcomes peak torque angle (AngPT), acceleration time (AcT) and time to peak torque (TPT) and traditional outcomes Peak torque (PT), total work (TW) and power (Pw) were extracted from the exam. Goalkeepers (GK), side backs (SB), central backs (CB), central defender midfielders (CDM), central attacking midfielders (CAM) and forwards (FW) were considered. Comparisons between limbs and positions demonstrated that SB extensors of the DL presented TPT lower (p = 0.006) and AngPT higher (p = 0.011) than NDL at 60°/s. CDM extensors of the DL showed lower TPT at 60°/s (p = 0.003) and 240°/s (p = 0.024). CAM flexors of the DL showed lower TPT (p = 0.026) and AcT (p = 0.021) at 240°/s than NDL. CB, CDM and CAM extensors of the NDL showed higher PT, TW and Pw than DL (p < 0.05). In conclusion, there are muscle imbalances between limbs in SB, CDM and CAM and across different field positions.
Among the variables that can be employed to characterize agricultural drought, soil drought is of particular importance. This contribution uses gridded soil‐drought values calculated from the ...SoilClim model for the 1961–2019 period to analyse soil drought episodes (based on the 10th percentile) in four lowlands, relatively homogeneous regions in central Europe that provide a longitudinal transect over central Europe. These areas are predominantly located at altitudes of below 400 m asl and include central Bohemia, southern Moravia and an adjacent part of Slovakia, southern Slovakia and eastern Slovakia. The results indicate that, after 1990, such episodes occurred largely in the summer half‐year (April–September), accompanied by an increasing linear trend in the 1961–2019 period, while the situation was reversed in the winter half‐year (October–March). Selected drought episodes are further divided into three phases (Phase I – origin, Phase II – course, Phase III – end) and investigated separately in terms of precipitation and objective classification of circulation types based on flow strength, direction and vorticity. Decreases in the frequency of precipitation‐rich cyclonic and the directional types associated with higher daily precipitation totals, together with increases in precipitation‐poor anticyclonic types, were responsible for soil‐drought Phases I and II, with the opposite pertaining to Phase III. Differences in the effects of circulation types on precipitation and soil‐drought occurrence were considerable, particularly for central Bohemia compared with the other three regions. The results obtained are also discussed with respect to data uncertainty and their broader spatiotemporal context.
Fluctuations in areas (% of grid points) with 10th‐percentile soil drought in the four selected regions (CB – central Bohemia, SM – southern Moravia, SS – southern Slovakia, ES – eastern Slovakia) for the summer (a) and winter (b) half‐years in the 1961–2019 period.
Neck contractures after burn produce restrictions in motion and unacceptable aesthetic outcomes. Proper planning and tissue selection is essential to minimize donor site morbidity while optimizing ...outcomes. A classification system and treatment algorithm aids in achieving this goal. Between December 1999 and January 2003, 40 burn patients underwent release and reconstruction with free perforator flaps. Neck extensibility and zone of injury were evaluated. Choice of reconstruction was based on available tissue, restriction degree and zones involved. Cervical territories were classified according to movement restrictions and amount of improvement. Reconstructive territories were classified as central above (CA), central below (CB), central above and below (CAB) and lateral (L). Single, split, double and preexpanded free flaps were used for the reconstructions. Maximal gain in motion was noted at 4 weeks and maintained for the average 11 months follow-up. Types of reconstructive territories showed significant effects on range of motion while etiology and time between injury and reconstruction showed no impact on the functional outcome.
Classification of neck territories aids in improving outcomes while minimizing donor morbidity. The central above territory, when reconstructed with free flaps, yielded the most rewarding improvement. A classification and treatment algorithm aids in achieving significant improvements in range of neck motion while taking into consideration the donor sites.
Abstract only
We have shown previously that inhibition of the isolated carotid body (CB) chemoreceptor (via CB‐specific hyperoxia & hypocapnia) markedly reduced the ventilatory response sensitivity ...of the central chemoreceptors to increased PaCO2 whereas stimulation (via CB‐specific hypoxia & normocapnia) markedly increased it (Blain et al., J. Physiol. 588: 2455‐2471, 2010). These findings were consistent with ventilatory hyperaddition of the CB and central chemoreceptors. We questioned whether changes in CB CO2 alone would result in similar interaction. To date, we have tested this in 4 unanesthetized and chronically instrumented dogs in which the CBs were isolated & perfused independently of the systemic circulation. CB hypocapnia (PcbCO2 ~ 20 mmHg < eupnea; PcbO2 normal) and CB hypercapnia (PcbCO2 ~ 20‐30 mmHg > eupnea; PcbO2 normal) were used to inhibit/stimulate the CB while systemic (and therefore central chemoreceptor) PCO2 was increased with 3 different levels of FICO2 in a normoxic background. We found that CB hypocapnia decreased (mean slope 34% of control), and CB hypercapnia increased (mean slope 125% of control), the ventilatory response of the central chemoreceptors to CO2. Our preliminary conclusion is that the hyperadditive CB/central interaction reported previously is independent of the stimuli used to inhibit/stimulate the CB.
Grant Funding Source
: Supported by NIH, NHLBI HL50531
We have shown previously that inhibition of the isolated carotid body (CB) chemoreceptor (via CB‐specific hyperoxia & hypocapnia) markedly reduced the ventilatory response sensitivity of the central ...chemoreceptors to increased PaCO2 whereas stimulation (via CB‐specific hypoxia & normocapnia) markedly increased it (Blain et al., J. Physiol. 588: 2455‐2471, 2010). These findings were consistent with ventilatory hyperaddition of the CB and central chemoreceptors. We questioned whether changes in CB CO2 alone would result in similar interaction. To date, we have tested this in 4 unanesthetized and chronically instrumented dogs in which the CBs were isolated & perfused independently of the systemic circulation. CB hypocapnia (PcbCO2 ~ 20 mmHg < eupnea; PcbO2 normal) and CB hypercapnia (PcbCO2 ~ 20‐30 mmHg > eupnea; PcbO2 normal) were used to inhibit/stimulate the CB while systemic (and therefore central chemoreceptor) PCO2 was increased with 3 different levels of FICO2 in a normoxic background. We found that CB hypocapnia decreased (mean slope 34% of control), and CB hypercapnia increased (mean slope 125% of control), the ventilatory response of the central chemoreceptors to CO2. Our preliminary conclusion is that the hyperadditive CB/central interaction reported previously is independent of the stimuli used to inhibit/stimulate the CB.
Grant Funding Source: Supported by NIH, NHLBI HL50531
Allergic bronchopulmonary aspergillosis (ABPA) may complicate 1% to 2% of all cases of chronic asthma. Twenty-eight patients fulfilling the diagnostic criteria for ABPA but without evidence of ...proximal bronchiectasis ABPA-S (seropositive) were identified over a 12-year period and classified by stage. The majority of patients were in remission but all had chronic asthma. Serum anti-Aspergillus fumigatus (Af) IgG was lower in ABPA-S (n = 28) versus ABPA-CB (central bronchiectasis) (n = 58) at the time of initial presentation (IgG-Af index 3.62 versus 7.80, t = 3.46, P < or = .001). Serum IgG1-Af was significantly lower in ABPA-S as compared with ABPA-CB (t = 2.37, P = .011), as was serum IgG2-Af (t = 1.91, P = .031) and serum IgG4-Af (t = 1.78, P = .041). There were trends toward lower concentrations of total serum IgE, serum anti-Af-IgE, and anti-Af-IgA in ABPA-S. Eleven patients with ABPA-S were evaluated closely for a total of 63 patient-years and only four exacerbations with pulmonary infiltrates were identified. No patient in either group was observed to progress to end-stage or irreversible lung disease when early recognition and treatment were instituted. We conclude that ABPA-S represents the earliest stage or apparently a less aggressive form of ABPA.
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