The prevalence of central nervous system trauma, neurodegenerative and psychiatric diseases has significantly increased in recent years. Most of these diseases show multifactorial causes and several progression mechanisms. The search for a medication which positively interferes in these mechanisms and thereby changes the course of these diseases is of great scientific interest. The aim of the present review is to assess current literature on the possible role of methylene blue (MB) in the central nervous system due to the increasing number of citations in spite of the few articles available on the subject which suggest growing interest in the protective effects of MB on the central nervous system. Searches were performed on PubMed and Thomson Reuters Web of Knowledge. Therefore, we provide an overview of existing articles concerning: 1) MB actions; 2) MB neuroprotection and cardiac arrest; 3) MB neuroprotection and degenerative brain diseases; 4) MB neuroprotection and psychiatric diseases. PubMed was chosen because it holds the highest number of articles on the subject, Thomson Reuters was chosen due to its functionality which evaluates citations through analytic graphs. We conclude that MB has a beneficial effect and acts through many mechanisms and pathways of the central nervous system, being a potential alternative for the treatment of many neurodegenerative and psychiatric diseases.